Barathan Muttiah, Ng Sook Luan, Lokanathan Yogeswaran, Ng Min Hwei, Law Jia Xian
Department of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia.
Department of Craniofacial Diagnostics and Biosciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia.
Vaccines (Basel). 2024 Nov 15;12(11):1282. doi: 10.3390/vaccines12111282.
Milk-derived extracellular vesicles (mEVs) are emerging as promising therapeutic candidates due to their unique properties and versatile functions. These vesicles play a crucial role in immunomodulation by influencing macrophage differentiation and cytokine production, potentially aiding in the treatment of conditions such as bone loss, fibrosis, and cancer. mEVs also have the capacity to modulate gut microbiota composition, which may alleviate the symptoms of inflammatory bowel diseases and promote intestinal barrier integrity. Their potential as drug delivery vehicles is significant, enhancing the stability, solubility, and bioavailability of anticancer agents while supporting wound healing and reducing inflammation. Additionally, bovine mEVs exhibit anti-aging properties and protect skin cells from UV damage. As vaccine platforms, mEVs offer advantages including biocompatibility, antigen protection, and the ability to elicit robust immune responses through targeted delivery to specific immune cells. Despite these promising applications, challenges persist, including their complex roles in cancer, effective antigen loading, regulatory hurdles, and the need for standardized production methods. Achieving high targeting specificity and understanding the long-term effects of mEV-based therapies are essential for clinical translation. Ongoing research aims to optimize mEV production methods, enhance targeting capabilities, and conduct rigorous preclinical and clinical studies. By addressing these challenges, mEVs hold the potential to revolutionize vaccine development and targeted drug delivery, ultimately improving therapeutic outcomes across various medical fields.
源自牛奶的细胞外囊泡（mEVs）因其独特的性质和多样的功能，正成为有前景的治疗候选物。这些囊泡通过影响巨噬细胞分化和细胞因子产生在免疫调节中发挥关键作用，可能有助于治疗诸如骨质流失、纤维化和癌症等病症。mEVs还具有调节肠道微生物群组成的能力，这可能减轻炎症性肠病的症状并促进肠道屏障完整性。它们作为药物递送载体的潜力巨大，可提高抗癌药物的稳定性、溶解性和生物利用度，同时支持伤口愈合并减轻炎症。此外，牛mEVs具有抗衰老特性，可保护皮肤细胞免受紫外线损伤。作为疫苗平台，mEVs具有多种优势，包括生物相容性、抗原保护以及通过靶向递送至特定免疫细胞引发强烈免疫反应的能力。尽管有这些有前景的应用，但挑战依然存在，包括它们在癌症中的复杂作用、有效的抗原负载、监管障碍以及对标准化生产方法的需求。实现高靶向特异性并了解基于mEV的疗法的长期效果对于临床转化至关重要。正在进行的研究旨在优化mEV生产方法、增强靶向能力，并进行严格的临床前和临床研究。通过应对这些挑战，mEVs有潜力彻底改变疫苗开发和靶向药物递送，最终改善各个医学领域的治疗效果。
