Insulin-like Growth Factor-Binding Protein-1 (IGFBP-1) as a Biomarker of Cardiovascular Disease.

Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-1 (IGFBP-1) contributes to the regulation of IGFs for metabolism and growth and has IGF-independent actions. IGFBP-1 in the circulation is derived from the liver, where it is inhibited by insulin and stimulated by multiple factors, including proinflammatory cytokines. IGFBP-1 levels are influenced by sex and age, which also determine cardiometabolic risk and patterns of disease presentation. While lower circulating IGFBP-1 concentrations are associated with an unfavorable cardiometabolic risk profile, higher IGFBP-1 predicts worse cardiovascular disease outcomes. This review explores these associations and the possible roles of IGFBP-1 in the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis. We recommend the evaluation of dynamic approaches, such as simultaneous measurements of fasting IGFBP-1 and proinsulin level in response to an oral glucose challenge, as well as multi-marker approaches incorporating markers of inflammation.