Sultana Naznin, Cole Anisa, Strachan Francine
The Texas Undergraduate Medical Academy, Prairie View A&M University, Texas A&M University System, Prairie View, TX 77446, USA.
Materials (Basel). 2024 Nov 15;17(22):5577. doi: 10.3390/ma17225577.
Tissue engineering is an interdisciplinary field that combines materials, methods, and biological molecules to engineer newly formed tissues to replace or restore functional organs. Biomaterials-based scaffolds play a crucial role in developing new tissue by interacting with human cells. Tissue engineering scaffolds with ideal characteristics, namely, nontoxicity, biodegradability, and appropriate mechanical and surface properties, are vital for tissue regeneration applications. However, current biocomposite scaffolds face significant limitations, particularly in achieving structural durability, controlled degradation rates, and effective cellular integration. These qualities are essential for maintaining long-term functionality in vivo. Although commonly utilized biomaterials can provide physical and chemical properties needed for tissue regeneration, inadequate biomimetic properties, as well as insufficient interactions of cells-scaffolds interaction, still need to be improved for the application of tissue engineering in vivo. It is impossible to achieve some essential features using a single material, so combining two or more materials may accomplish the requirements. In order to achieve a proper scaffold design, a suitable fabrication technique and combination of biomaterials with controlled micro or nanostructures are needed to achieve the proper biological responses. This review emphasizes advancements in scaffold durability, biocompatibility, and cellular responsiveness. It focuses on natural and synthetic polymer combinations and innovative fabrication techniques. Developing stimulus-responsive 3D scaffolds is critical, as these scaffolds enhance cell adhesion and promote functional tissue formation while maintaining structural integrity over time. This review also highlights the natural polymers, smart materials, and recent advanced techniques currently used to create emerging scaffolds for tissue regeneration applications.
组织工程是一个跨学科领域，它将材料、方法和生物分子结合起来，构建新形成的组织以替代或修复功能器官。基于生物材料的支架在通过与人体细胞相互作用来开发新组织方面起着关键作用。具有理想特性（即无毒性、可生物降解性以及适当的机械和表面特性）的组织工程支架对于组织再生应用至关重要。然而，目前的生物复合支架面临着重大限制，特别是在实现结构耐久性、可控降解速率和有效的细胞整合方面。这些特性对于在体内维持长期功能至关重要。虽然常用的生物材料可以提供组织再生所需的物理和化学性质，但在体内应用组织工程时，其仿生性能不足以及细胞与支架相互作用不够充分的问题仍有待改进。使用单一材料无法实现一些基本特性，因此结合两种或更多种材料可能满足要求。为了实现合适的支架设计，需要合适的制造技术以及具有可控微结构或纳米结构的生物材料组合，以实现适当的生物学反应。本综述强调了支架耐久性、生物相容性和细胞反应性方面的进展。它侧重于天然和合成聚合物组合以及创新的制造技术。开发刺激响应性三维支架至关重要，因为这些支架可增强细胞黏附并促进功能性组织形成，同时随着时间推移保持结构完整性。本综述还重点介绍了目前用于创建用于组织再生应用的新型支架的天然聚合物、智能材料和最新先进技术。
