Casanova-Martín Carlos, Liviu Boaru Diego, Fraile-Martinez Oscar, Garcia-Montero Cielo, De Leon-Oliva Diego, De Castro-Martinez Patricia, Gimeno-Longas Maria José, Bujan Julia, García-Honduvilla Natalio, Guijarro Luis G, Gragera Raquel, Lopez-Gonzalez Laura, Saez Miguel A, Ferrara-Coppola Connie, Baena-Romero Víctor, Diaz-Pedrero Raul, Alvarez-Mon Melchor, Toledo-Lobo María Val, Ortega Miguel A
Department of Medicine and Medical Specialities, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Network Biomedical Research Center for Liver and Digestive Diseases (CIBEREHD), University of Alcalá, Alcala de Henares, Spain.
Ramón y Cajal Institute of Sanitary Research (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain.
Histol Histopathol. 2025 Jul;40(7):1013-1039. doi: 10.14670/HH-18-846. Epub 2024 Nov 7.
Penile cancer is an uncommon disease compared with other urological tumors and is more common in low- and middle-income countries. Risk factors include age, ethnicity, smoking, hygiene, and human papillomavirus infection. Although carcinoma of the penis can be cured in up to 80% of cases if detected early, late diagnosis drastically reduces survival rates, especially in metastatic cases. More than 95% of cases are squamous cell carcinomas, and the degree of cell differentiation is a key histopathological factor, distinguishing between poorly (P), moderately (M), and well-differentiated (W) carcinomas, with verrucous carcinoma (V) having the best prognosis due to its low metastatic capacity. This study analyses the differential expression of several biomarkers related to cell proliferation and cell cycle, inflammation, epigenetics, and autophagy (cell cycle (IRS-4, Ki-67, RB1, CDK4, cyclin D1, ERBB2, β-catenin, and MAGE-A), inflammation (COX2, NLRP3, and AIF-1), epigenetics (HAT-1) and autophagy (ULK-1 and ATG9A) in penile carcinoma according to the degree of differentiation. Immunohistochemical techniques were performed on 34 penile squamous cell carcinoma (PSCC) samples classified into subtype V (N=6), and groups P (N=9), M (N=9), and W (N=10). The findings suggest a differential expression of molecules according to the degree of cell differentiation, with a higher differential expression of molecules according to the degree of cell differentiation, suggesting that the proteins studied could have predictive value. The study highlights the complexity of PSCC and the need for future studies to explore translational applications and search for new biomarkers to improve clinical management and understanding of this disease.
与其他泌尿系统肿瘤相比，阴茎癌是一种罕见疾病，在低收入和中等收入国家更为常见。风险因素包括年龄、种族、吸烟、卫生状况和人乳头瘤病毒感染。尽管阴茎癌如果早期发现，高达80%的病例可以治愈，但晚期诊断会大幅降低生存率，尤其是在转移病例中。超过95%的病例为鳞状细胞癌，细胞分化程度是关键的组织病理学因素，可区分低分化（P）、中分化（M）和高分化（W）癌，疣状癌（V）因其低转移能力而预后最佳。本研究根据分化程度分析了阴茎癌中几种与细胞增殖、细胞周期、炎症、表观遗传学和自噬相关的生物标志物（细胞周期（IRS-4、Ki-67、RB1、CDK4、细胞周期蛋白D1、ERBB2、β-连环蛋白和MAGE-A）、炎症（COX2、NLRP3和AIF-1）、表观遗传学（HAT-1）和自噬（ULK-1和ATG9A）的差异表达。对34例阴茎鳞状细胞癌（PSCC）样本进行免疫组织化学技术检测，这些样本分为V型（N=6）以及P组（N=9）、M组（N=9）和W组（N=10）。研究结果表明，分子表达根据细胞分化程度存在差异，细胞分化程度越高，分子差异表达越高，这表明所研究的蛋白质可能具有预测价值。该研究突出了PSCC的复杂性，以及未来研究探索转化应用和寻找新生物标志物以改善该疾病临床管理和理解的必要性。
