Bruce V. Rauner Professor of Economics, Department of Economics, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, United States of America.
Adam Smith Business School, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom.
PLoS One. 2024 Nov 27;19(11):e0305347. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0305347. eCollection 2024.
Using micro-data on six surveys-the Gallup World Poll 2005-2023, the U.S. Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 1993-2022, Eurobarometer 1991-2022, the UK Covid Social Survey Panel, 2020-2022, the European Social Survey 2002-2020 and the IPSOS Happiness Survey 2018-2023 -we show individuals' reports of subjective wellbeing in Europe declined in the Great Recession of 2008/9 and during the Covid pandemic of 2020-2021 on most measures. They also declined in four countries bordering Ukraine after the Russian invasion in 2022. However, the movements are not large and are not apparent everywhere. We also used data from the European Commission's Business and Consumer Surveys on people's expectations of life in general, their financial situation and the economic and employment situation in the country. All of these dropped markedly in the Great Recession and during Covid, but bounced back quickly, as did firms' expectations of the economy and the labor market. Neither the annual data from the United Nation's Human Development Index (HDI) nor data used in the World Happiness Report from the Gallup World Poll shifted much in response to negative shocks. The HDI has been rising in the last decade reflecting overall improvements in economic and social wellbeing, captured in part by real earnings growth, although it fell slightly after 2020 as life expectancy dipped. This secular improvement is mirrored in life satisfaction which has been rising in the last decade. However, so too have negative affect in Europe and despair in the United States.
利用六项调查的微观数据——盖洛普世界民意调查 2005-2023 年、美国行为风险因素监测系统 1993-2022 年、欧洲民意调查 1991-2022 年、英国新冠疫情社会调查小组 2020-2022 年、欧洲社会调查 2002-2020 年和益普索幸福调查 2018-2023 年——我们表明，在大多数衡量标准上，欧洲人对主观幸福感的报告在 2008/9 年的大衰退和 2020-2021 年的新冠疫情期间都有所下降。在 2022 年俄罗斯入侵后，毗邻乌克兰的四个国家也出现了这种下降。然而，这些变化幅度不大，并非无处不在。我们还使用了欧盟委员会关于人们对生活总体、财务状况以及国家经济和就业状况的预期的商业和消费者调查数据。在大衰退和新冠疫情期间，这些数据都明显下降，但很快就反弹了，企业对经济和劳动力市场的预期也是如此。联合国人类发展指数（HDI）的年度数据以及盖洛普世界民意调查的《世界幸福报告》中使用的数据都没有因负面冲击而大幅波动。过去十年，HDI 一直在上升，反映了经济和社会福利的总体改善，部分原因是实际收入增长，但 2020 年之后，由于预期寿命下降，HDI 略有下降。这一长期趋势在过去十年中幸福感的上升中得到了反映。然而，欧洲的负面情绪和美国的绝望情绪也在上升。
