Combining the CRISPR Activation and Interference Capabilities Using dCas9 and G-Quadruplex Structures.

We demonstrate that both CRISPR interference and CRISPR activation can be achieved at RNA and protein levels by targeting the vicinity of a putative G-quadruplex forming sequence (PQS) in the promoter with nuclease-dead Cas9 (dCas9). The achieved suppression and activation in Burkitťs Lymphoma cell line and in studies are at or beyond those reported with alternative approaches. When the template strand (contains the PQS) was targeted with CRISPR-dCas9, the G-quadruplex was destabilized and mRNA and protein levels increased by 2.1-fold and 1.6-fold, respectively, compared to controls in the absence of CRISPR-dCas9. Targeting individual sites in the non-template strand with CRISPR-dCas9 reduced both the mRNA and protein levels (by 1.8-fold and 2.5-fold, respectively), while targeting two sites simultaneously further suppressed both the mRNA (by 3.6-fold) and protein (by 9.8-fold) levels. These were consistent with cell viability assays when single or dual sites in the non-template strand were targeted (1.7-fold and 4.7-fold reduction in viability, respectively). We also report extensive biophysical studies which are in quantitative agreement with these cellular studies and provide important mechanistic details about how the transcription is modulated via the interactions of RNA polymerase, CRISPR-dCas9, and the G-quadruplex.