Exploring the anticancer potential and mechanisms of action of natural coumarins and isocoumarins.

Natural coumarins and isocoumarins show significant therapeutic potential against cancer in preclinical studies by targeting multiple pathways and processes. These compounds influence several critical cellular processes, such as apoptosis, autophagy, and cell cycle regulation, which are pivotal in cancer development and progression. Their capability to target multiple signalling pathways provides a strategic advantage over single-target therapies, which are often limited by drug resistance. Notably, coumarins have the potential to inhibit angiogenesis, the process through which tumours develop new blood vessels, thereby potentially restricting tumour growth and metastasis. Additionally, coumarins may enhance anticancer effects by modulating immune responses and reducing inflammation, thus offering a dual approach to combating cancer. They also show promise in addressing multidrug resistance, a significant challenge in cancer therapy, by targeting drug efflux proteins and potentially improving the efficacy of existing treatments. While preclinical studies are promising, further research is required to elucidate the pharmacokinetics, toxicity, and potential side effects of coumarins in humans. Continued clinical evaluation will be crucial to confirm their effectiveness in cancer patients. Nonetheless, their ability to target multiple pathways positions coumarin based molecules as potential candidates for future anti-cancer drug development.