Human stem cell models to unravel brain cancer.

Pre-clinical animal models of human brain tumors have been invaluable tools for studying cancer pathogenesis and exploring novel treatment modalities. Such models recapitulate important aspects of the human disease such as the stem-progenitor-differentiated cell hierarchy. Although powerful, we argue that animal models are inherently limited in their ability to phenocopy certain important aspects of human brain tumor biology. We specifically highlight the inability of mouse models to generate certain forms aggressive pediatric medulloblastoma likely owing to cellular, anatomic, and genetic differences between the human and mouse brains. Additionally, we review some limitations of human brain tumor derived cell lines and outline why they are a sub-optimal system for purposes of pre-clinical modeling. Below, we present the case for human stem cell-based models of brain tumors, focusing mainly on glioblastoma and medulloblastoma. Drawing on several recently published studies, we review the exciting progress that has been made towards modeling human brain tumors using two-dimensional adherent stem cell cultures and three-dimensional organoids. We identify the important advances arrived at using these human stem cell-based models and suggest opportunities for future work in this direction. In this review article, we aim to highlight the utility and promises of human stem cell-based models of brain tumors as a complementary system to traditional transgenic animal and cell line systems.