Heil M, Haschke F, Steffan I, Schuster E, Schilling R, Salzer H P
Wien Klin Wochenschr. 1986 Feb 7;98(3):82-6.
Daily lead intake from drinking water was estimated on the basis of lead concentrations in running and boiled drinking water samples of 42 Viennese households and reported drinking water consumption of adults living in those households. Lead concentration (means, SD, median) in running water samples (15.3 (37.9) micrograms Pb/l, median 6.3) was significantly higher (p less than 0.005) than in boiled water samples (6.4 (11.1) micrograms Pb/l, median 4.1). The highest lead concentrations in running water samples were found in houses built before 1945. Reported drinking water consumption was 1306 (576) ml/day (median 1242); more than 70% of drinking water was consumed at home. Calculated lead intake from drinking water in Vienna was 11.8 (22) micrograms Pb/day (median 5.2). Lead intake from drinking water was highest (19.5 (31.3) micrograms Pb/day, median 7.3) in houses built before 1945. Lead intake with food was calculated using published data on lead concentrations in food items and on food intake and data from the present study. Calculated average lead intake with food (206 micrograms Pb daily) was far below the estimated safe lead intake proposed by WHO 1972. We conclude that lead intake from drinking water in Vienna is low in most households. However, lead intake may be close to toxic levels if persons living in houses built before 1945 are consuming extremely large amounts of drinking water.
基于42户维也纳家庭的自来水和煮沸饮用水样本中的铅浓度以及这些家庭中成年人报告的饮水量，估算了每日从饮用水中摄入的铅量。自来水样本中的铅浓度（均值、标准差、中位数）为15.3（37.9）微克铅/升，中位数为6.3，显著高于煮沸水样本（6.4（11.1）微克铅/升，中位数为4.1）（p<0.005）。在1945年以前建造的房屋中，自来水样本中的铅浓度最高。报告的饮水量为1306（576）毫升/天（中位数为1242）；超过70%的饮用水是在家中饮用的。维也纳从饮用水中计算得出的铅摄入量为11.8（22）微克铅/天（中位数为5.2）。在1945年以前建造的房屋中，从饮用水中摄入的铅量最高（19.5（31.3）微克铅/天，中位数为7.3）。使用已发表的食品中铅浓度、食物摄入量数据以及本研究的数据计算了食物中的铅摄入量。计算得出的食物中平均铅摄入量（每日206微克铅）远低于世界卫生组织1972年提出的估计安全铅摄入量。我们得出结论，维也纳大多数家庭从饮用水中摄入的铅量较低。然而，如果居住在1945年以前建造房屋中的人饮用极大量的饮用水，铅摄入量可能接近有毒水平。
