Deasy Evelyn, Seoighe Anna, Ryan Cristín, Byrne Stephen, Dalton Kieran
Pharmaceutical Care Research Group, School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
Pharmacy Department, Tallaght University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.
Explor Res Clin Soc Pharm. 2024 Oct 11;16:100522. doi: 10.1016/j.rcsop.2024.100522. eCollection 2024 Dec.
Credentialing of advanced and specialist pharmacist practice (ASPP) provides essential quality assurance for ASPP, which is significantly different to entry-level practice and is developing worldwide. Several credentialing models are in place or under development internationally. Synthesis of the views and experiences of pharmacists and other relevant stakeholders on credentialing is an important research gap.
To determine pharmacy stakeholders' views and experiences of ASPP credentialing and to explore facilitators and barriers to credentialing implementation and uptake.
The Joanna Briggs Institute convergent integrated approach for mixed methods systematic reviews was followed. The review protocol was pre-registered with PROSPERO. Five electronic databases (Medline, CINAHL, Embase, Web of Science, Google Scholar) were searched from inception to August 2022 for qualitative, quantitative, or mixed methods studies that reported the views and experiences of pharmacy stakeholders on ASPP credentialing. The Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool was used to quality appraise included studies. Thematic synthesis was undertaken to analyse and integrate data from included studies. All screening and data analysis steps were performed by two reviewers independently, with additional author input where required.
Sixty studies were included, after screening titles and abstracts ( = 9055) and full texts ( = 228). Studies represented the views of pharmacists, pharmacy managers/employers and professional/representative bodies in hospital, community pharmacy, general practice/primary care, and academic sectors, from 40 countries. Four analytical themes were generated describing the factors, including facilitators and barriers, to be considered when developing or optimising ASPP credentialing: I. Drivers of credentialing, II. Developing ASPP competence, III. Optimising credentialing implementation, and IV. Enhancing credentialing uptake.
This systematic review is the first to synthesise pharmacy stakeholders' views and experiences of ASPP credentialing. A conceptual framework highlights contextual factors, facilitators, barriers, and inter-relationships which should be considered by pharmacists, policymakers, and other key stakeholders when implementing ASPP credentialing.
高级和专科药师实践（ASPP）的资质认证为ASPP提供了至关重要的质量保证，ASPP与入门级实践有显著差异且正在全球范围内发展。国际上有几种资质认证模式已经实施或正在制定中。药剂师和其他相关利益相关者对资质认证的观点和经验的综合是一个重要的研究空白。
确定药学利益相关者对ASPP资质认证的观点和经验，并探讨资质认证实施和采用的促进因素和障碍。
采用乔安娜·布里格斯研究所混合方法系统评价的收敛性综合方法。该评价方案已在PROSPERO上预先注册。检索了五个电子数据库（Medline、CINAHL、Embase、Web of Science、谷歌学术），从数据库建立至2022年8月，查找报告药学利益相关者对ASPP资质认证的观点和经验的定性、定量或混合方法研究。使用混合方法评估工具对纳入研究进行质量评估。进行主题综合分析以分析和整合纳入研究的数据。所有筛选和数据分析步骤均由两名评审员独立进行，必要时由作者提供额外投入。
在筛选标题和摘要（n = 9055）和全文（n = 228）后，纳入了60项研究。这些研究代表了来自40个国家的医院、社区药房、全科医疗/初级保健和学术部门的药剂师、药房经理/雇主以及专业/代表机构的观点。生成了四个分析主题，描述了在制定或优化ASPP资质认证时应考虑的因素，包括促进因素和障碍：I. 资质认证的驱动因素，II. 培养ASPP能力，III. 优化资质认证实施，IV. 提高资质认证采用率。
这项系统评价首次综合了药学利益相关者对ASPP资质认证的观点和经验。一个概念框架突出了药师、政策制定者和其他关键利益相关者在实施ASPP资质认证时应考虑的背景因素、促进因素、障碍以及相互关系。
