Advancing evolutionary medicine with complete primate genomes and advanced biotechnologies.

Evolutionary medicine, which integrates evolutionary biology and medicine, significantly enhances our understanding of human traits and disease susceptibility. However, previous studies in this field have often focused on single-nucleotide variants due to technological limitations in characterizing complex genomic regions, hindering the comprehensive analyses of their evolutionary origins and clinical significance. In this review, we summarize recent advancements in complete telomere-to-telomere (T2T), primate genomes and other primate resources, and illustrate how these resources facilitate the research of complex regions. We focus on several biomedically relevant regions to examine the relationship between primate genome evolution and human diseases. We also highlight the potentials of high-throughput functional genomic technologies for assessing candidate loci. Finally, we discuss future directions for primate research within the context of evolutionary medicine.