Vector vortex beams sorting of 120 modes in visible spectrum.

Polarization (), angular index (), and radius index () are three independent degrees of freedom (DoFs) of vector vortex beams, which have found extensive applications in various domains. While efficient sorting of a single DoF has been achieved successfully, simultaneous sorting of all these DoFs in a compact and efficient manner remains a challenge. In this study, we propose a beam sorter that simultaneously handles all the three DoFs using a diffractive deep neural network (DNN), and demonstrate the robust sorting of 120 Laguerre-Gaussian (LG) modes experimentally in the visible spectrum. Our proposed beam sorter underscores the considerable potential of DNN in optical field manipulation and promises to enhance the diverse applications of vector vortex beams.