Gage Fred H
Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, USA.
Hippocampus. 2025 Jan;35(1):e23655. doi: 10.1002/hipo.23655.
In the adult dentate gyrus of the hippocampus there are neuronal stem cells that give rise to immature neurons and subsequently to mature functional granule neurons. The rate of proliferation, differentiation, and survival is regulated intrinsically and extrinsically. For example, Wnt, BMP, TLX, and BDNF all regulate adult neurogenesis intrinsically, while exercise, environmental enrichment, stress, and epilepsy are some of the extrinsic factors that regulate adult neurogenesis. A clearer picture is emerging for the functional role of these newly born neurons in behavior, demonstrating that adult neurogenesis plays a role in recognizing events, places, objects, or people as unique when comparing options that are very similar, but that these newly born cells play little role in recognition when differences are greater. Most of the research on adult neurogenesis is conducted in experimental mammals, including mice and rats. The first evidence for adult neurogenesis in humans was reported in 1998, when postmortem brains from cancer patients injected with bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) were examined and cells were found that had divided and differentiated into mature neurons. Subsequently, additional evidence using other techniques has confirmed human adult neurogenesis. Additional in vivo live reports will be needed to monitor the effects of changes in human adult neurogenesis with age and disease.
在成年海马齿状回中存在神经元干细胞，这些干细胞可产生未成熟神经元，随后发育为成熟的功能性颗粒神经元。其增殖、分化和存活速率受内在和外在因素调节。例如，Wnt、骨形态发生蛋白（BMP）、TLX和脑源性神经营养因子（BDNF）均在内在水平调节成体神经发生，而运动、环境富集、应激和癫痫则是调节成体神经发生的部分外在因素。关于这些新生神经元在行为中的功能作用，正逐渐形成更清晰的认识，表明在比较非常相似的选项时，成体神经发生在将事件、地点、物体或人物识别为独特个体方面发挥作用，但当差异较大时，这些新生细胞在识别中作用甚微。大多数关于成体神经发生的研究是在实验哺乳动物（包括小鼠和大鼠）中进行的。1998年报道了人类成体神经发生的首个证据，当时对注射了溴脱氧尿苷（BrdU）的癌症患者的死后大脑进行检查，发现了已分裂并分化为成熟神经元的细胞。随后，使用其他技术的更多证据证实了人类成体神经发生。还需要更多体内实时报告来监测人类成体神经发生随年龄和疾病变化的影响。
