Abutayeh Reem Fawaz, Ayyash Manal A K, Alwany Ruaa A, Abuodeh Alaa, Jaber Kamel, Al-Najjar Mohammad A A
Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan.
Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Science, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan.
PLoS One. 2024 Dec 9;19(12):e0315173. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0315173. eCollection 2024.
Antimicrobial resistance is increasing globally and is one of the major public health concerns. This highlights the need to search for new antimicrobial agents. Natural fruit by-products are a rich source of bioactive compounds. Pomegranate (Punica granatum) fruit is particularly rich in phenolic bioactive phytochemicals. These compounds are known for their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties. Furthermore, they exhibit a broad spectrum of antimicrobial effects. Bioactive phytochemicals are found mainly in peel (exocarp and mesocarp), which constitutes about 50% of the whole fresh fruit. This study utilized pomegranate of Jordanian origin to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of different Pomegranate peel extracts (PPEs) alone and/or in combination with antibacterial agents against four bacterial strains. Different solvents and extraction methods were employed to obtain the PPEs. A key focus was to explore the enhancement of antibacterial activity against gentamicin-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) when microwaved aqueous extracts are combined with gentamicin. The antibacterial activity of PPEs varied depending on the extraction method and the solvent used. Notably, the aqueous macerate and microwave-assisted extract showed high potency and similar activity against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), Escherichia coli (E. coli), and P. aeruginosa (MICs 12.5, 25, and 25 μg/μL, respectively for both aqueous extracts). In contrast, Proteus mirabilis (P. mirabilis) was more susceptible to the inhibitory activity of organic PPEs with a MIC of 25 μg/μL recorded with the use of ethanolic solvents. Bacterial antagonistic activity was observed against gentamicin-resistant P. aeruginosa, particularly when lower concentrations (3.125, 1.562, 0.781, and 0.39 μg/μL) of microwaved aqueous PPEs were evaluated in combination with different concentrations of gentamicin. In conclusion, pomegranate peels, a natural and safe by-product, demonstrate promising antimicrobial potential. Furthermore, combining PPEs with conventional antibiotics shows promise in addressing antibiotic resistance, highlighting their potential role in treating infectious diseases.
全球范围内抗菌药物耐药性正在增加，这是主要的公共卫生问题之一。这凸显了寻找新型抗菌剂的必要性。天然水果副产品是生物活性化合物的丰富来源。石榴（Punica granatum）果实尤其富含酚类生物活性植物化学物质。这些化合物以其抗氧化、抗炎和抗癌特性而闻名。此外，它们还具有广泛的抗菌作用。生物活性植物化学物质主要存在于果皮（外果皮和中果皮）中，果皮约占整个新鲜果实的50%。本研究利用约旦产石榴评估不同石榴皮提取物（PPEs）单独和/或与抗菌剂联合对四种细菌菌株的抗菌活性。采用不同的溶剂和提取方法来获得PPEs。一个关键重点是探讨当微波水提取物与庆大霉素联合使用时，对耐庆大霉素铜绿假单胞菌（P. aeruginosa）抗菌活性的增强作用。PPEs的抗菌活性因提取方法和所用溶剂而异。值得注意的是，水浸软物提取物和微波辅助提取物对金黄色葡萄球菌（S. aureus）、大肠杆菌（E. coli）和铜绿假单胞菌表现出高效力和相似活性（两种水提取物的最低抑菌浓度分别为12.5、25和25μg/μL）。相比之下，奇异变形杆菌（P. mirabilis）对有机PPEs的抑制活性更敏感，使用乙醇溶剂时记录的最低抑菌浓度为25μg/μL。观察到对耐庆大霉素铜绿假单胞菌有细菌拮抗活性，特别是当评估较低浓度（3.125、1.562、0.781和0.39μg/μL）的微波水PPEs与不同浓度庆大霉素联合使用时。总之，石榴皮作为一种天然且安全的副产品，展现出了有前景的抗菌潜力。此外，将PPEs与传统抗生素联合使用在解决抗生素耐药性方面显示出前景，突出了它们在治疗传染病中的潜在作用。
