Saah Selina Ama, Boadi Nathaniel Owusu, Sakyi Patrick Opare, Smith Euphemia Quanuaa
Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Energy and Natural Resources, Sunyani, Ghana.
Department of Chemistry, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana.
Heliyon. 2024 Nov 20;10(23):e40576. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e40576. eCollection 2024 Dec 15.
The study investigates the concentration of heavy metals in various lipsticks sold in Ghana and assesses the potential health risks associated with their use. A total of 12 lipstick samples were analyzed using an X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analyzer for metals, including chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), cadmium (Cd), and lead (Pb). The findings revealed that Cr levels ranged from below detection limits to 2554.20 mg/kg, with five samples significantly exceeding the acceptable 1 mg/kg limit set by Health Canada. Mn concentrations varied from 0.09 mg/kg to 823.00 mg/kg, and Ni levels were detected up to 228.40 mg/kg, indicating potential risks of neurotoxicity and contact dermatitis. Cu was found in extremely high concentrations, particularly in samples S1 (14053.33 mg/kg) and S7 (1939.84 mg/kg), exceeding the acceptable 100 mg/kg limit, suggesting severe contamination and potential systemic toxicity. Cd concentrations in most samples surpassed the FDA limit of 3 mg/kg, posing risks of kidney damage. In comparison, Pb concentrations in several samples approached or exceeded the FDA limit of 10 mg/kg, indicating potential neurotoxic effects. Health risk assessments for dermal and oral exposure were conducted, with hazard quotients for non-carcinogenic risks remaining below 1, suggesting minimal immediate health risks. However, the relative intake indices (RII) for Cr, Cd, and Pb in oral risk assessments indicated significant exposure levels far exceeding acceptable daily intakes (ADI) for heavy users. These findings highlight the need for stricter regulation and consumer awareness of the potential dangers posed by heavy metals in cosmetics. Enhanced safety standards and regular monitoring are imperative to protect public health from the adverse effects of toxic metals in beauty products.
该研究调查了加纳销售的各类口红中的重金属浓度，并评估了使用这些口红可能带来的健康风险。总共使用X射线荧光（XRF）分析仪对12个口红样品进行了金属分析，包括铬（Cr）、锰（Mn）、镍（Ni）、铜（Cu）、镉（Cd）和铅（Pb）。研究结果显示，铬含量范围从低于检测限到2554.20毫克/千克，有五个样品显著超过了加拿大卫生部设定的可接受的1毫克/千克限值。锰浓度从0.09毫克/千克到823.00毫克/千克不等，镍含量最高检测到228.40毫克/千克，表明存在神经毒性和接触性皮炎的潜在风险。发现铜的浓度极高，特别是在样品S1（14053.33毫克/千克）和S7（1939.84毫克/千克）中，超过了可接受的100毫克/千克限值，表明存在严重污染和潜在的全身毒性。大多数样品中的镉浓度超过了美国食品药品监督管理局（FDA）规定的3毫克/千克限值，存在肾脏损害风险。相比之下，几个样品中的铅浓度接近或超过了FDA规定的10毫克/千克限值，表明存在潜在的神经毒性作用。对皮肤和口腔接触进行了健康风险评估，非致癌风险的危害商数低于1，表明当前健康风险极小。然而，口腔风险评估中铬、镉和铅的相对摄入量指数（RII）表明，重度使用者的暴露水平显著超过了可接受的每日摄入量（ADI）。这些发现凸显了加强监管以及提高消费者对化妆品中重金属潜在危害认识的必要性。提高安全标准并定期监测对于保护公众健康免受美容产品中有毒金属的不利影响至关重要。
