Paradkar Sukanya, Singh Chatush, Suryavanshi Anand, Tiwari Apurva, Cislaghi Beniamino, Daruwalla Nayreen, Osrin David, Gram Lu
Society for Nutrition, Education and Health Action, Mumbai, India.
London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom.
Womens Stud Int Forum. 2024 Nov-Dec;107:102997. doi: 10.1016/j.wsif.2024.102997.
Despite striking gender differences in men's and women's engagement in past prevention programmes to stop violence against women (VAW), few empirical studies have determined why such gender differences arise. We did a grounded theory study of a large-scale NGO programme in informal settlements in Mumbai, India, aiming to analyse how gender affects participation in community action to address VAW. We did 27 focus group discussions and 31 semi-structured interviews with 77 women and 36 men, as well as with 9 NGO staff. We supplemented qualitative data with quantitative monitoring data on referrals to NGO counselling centres. We found that male participants in the NGO programme not only reported violence to the NGO at lower rates but took less intensive action to support survivors. When they did engage, they more often defended perpetrators or asked survivors to accommodate them than female participants. These differences could be explained by a greater (1) affective response to VAW (2) perceived stake in addressing VAW (3) sense of empowerment from taking action, and (4) perceived NGO support for self among women compared to men. Differences were evident even between male and female participants who had taken part in NGO activities for years. We theorise that these differences ultimately stem from men and women's structurally different position in a gender unequal society. Our findings identify key motivational barriers to address to improve the effectiveness of programmes to prevent VAW. Given the greater barriers to men's community action compared to women's community action, it may be useful to recognize the value of prevention programmes with differing levels of male engagement, including women-only programmes and programmes in which male community participants play a secondary role and are not expected to be as active as female participants.
尽管在过去旨在制止暴力侵害妇女行为（VAW）的预防项目中，男性和女性的参与情况存在显著的性别差异，但很少有实证研究确定这种性别差异产生的原因。我们对印度孟买非正式定居点的一个大型非政府组织项目进行了扎根理论研究，旨在分析性别如何影响参与社区行动以解决暴力侵害妇女行为。我们与77名女性、36名男性以及9名非政府组织工作人员进行了27次焦点小组讨论和31次半结构化访谈。我们用转介到非政府组织咨询中心的定量监测数据补充了定性数据。我们发现，参与该非政府组织项目的男性参与者不仅向该组织报告暴力行为的比例较低，而且采取的支持幸存者的行动力度也较小。当他们确实参与时，与女性参与者相比，他们更常为施暴者辩护或要求幸存者迁就他们。这些差异可以通过以下几点来解释：（1）对暴力侵害妇女行为的情感反应更强烈；（2）认为解决暴力侵害妇女行为的利害关系更大；（3）采取行动产生的赋权感更强；（4）与男性相比，女性认为非政府组织对自身的支持更多。即使是参与非政府组织活动多年的男性和女性参与者之间，差异也很明显。我们推断，这些差异最终源于男性和女性在性别不平等社会中结构上的不同地位。我们的研究结果确定了提高预防暴力侵害妇女行为项目有效性需要解决的关键动机障碍。鉴于男性参与社区行动的障碍比女性参与社区行动的障碍更大，认识到不同男性参与程度的预防项目的价值可能是有用的，包括仅限女性参与的项目以及男性社区参与者扮演次要角色且预计不如女性参与者活跃的项目。
