Natural peptides and their synthetic congeners acting against through the membrane and cell wall: latest progress.

is one of the deadliest Gram-negative bacteria (GNB), responsible for 2-10% of hospital-acquired infections. Several antibiotics are used to control the growth of . However, in recent decades, the abuse and misuse of antibiotics to treat non-microbial diseases have led to the emergence of multidrug-resistant strains. possesses a complex cell wall structure. Cell wall-targeting agents remain the center of antibiotic drug discovery. Notably, the antibacterial drug discovery intends to target the membrane of the bacteria, offering several advantages over antibiotics targeting intracellular systems, as membrane-targeting agents do not have to travel through the plasma membrane to reach the cytoplasmic targets. Microorganisms, insects, and mammals produce antimicrobial peptides as their first line of defense to protect themselves from pathogens and predators. Importantly, antimicrobial peptides are considered potential alternatives to antibiotics. This communication summarises the recently identified peptides of natural origin and their synthetic congeners acting against the membrane by cell wall disruption.