Bias-Adjusted Three-Step Multilevel Latent Class Modeling with Covariates.

We present a bias-adjusted three-step estimation approach for multilevel latent class models (LC) with covariates. The proposed approach involves (1) fitting a single-level measurement model while ignoring the multilevel structure, (2) assigning units to latent classes, and (3) fitting the multilevel model with the covariates while controlling for measurement error introduced in the second step. Simulation studies and an empirical example show that the three-step method is a legitimate modeling option compared to the existing one-step and two-step methods.