Hofbauer Hannes, Wirz Stefan, Steffen Peter, Kieselbach Kristin, Keßler Jens
Sektion Schmerztherapie, Klinik für Anästhesiologie und Intensivmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081, Ulm, Deutschland.
Abteilung für Anästhesie, Interdisziplinäre Intensivmedizin, Schmerzmedizin/Palliativmedizin, Zentrum für Schmerzmedizin, Weaningzentrum, Cura Krankenhaus, GFO Kliniken Bonn, Bad Honnef, Deutschland.
Anaesthesiologie. 2025 Feb;74(2):63-71. doi: 10.1007/s00101-024-01488-0. Epub 2024 Dec 12.
Depending on the stage of the tumor up to 80% of the patients suffer from cancer-related pain but treatment is often inadequate. Multiple causes can trigger pain and these can be due to the tumor itself, its secondary consequences but also treatment related. A differentiated assessment and individually tailored treatment of cancer-related pain not only improve the quality of life but also reduce the risk of pain chronification. A differentiation between nociceptive pain and pain caused by hypersensitivity is a mandatory requirement for adequate pharmacotherapy. There is a risk of inadequate pain control, particularly with a lack of consideration and treatment of hypersensitivity, e.g., with anticonvulsants or analgesic antidepressants. Opioids are an integral part of drug treatment for cancer-related pain and especially for the treatment of breakthrough cancer pain. The risk of abuse should be considered. Other substance groups are suitable for special pain situations or in cases refractory to treatment. Nonpharmacological treatment options should also be considered, in particular by offering low-threshold access to psychotherapeutic or psycho-oncological options. Invasive procedures can be a useful supplement. These range from patient-controlled subcutaneous or intravenous infusion pump systems and intrathecal drug administration up to neurolytic and ablative procedures. Due to the invasiveness of these procedures, an interdisciplinary approach is recommended to confirm the indications.
根据肿瘤分期,高达80%的患者患有癌症相关疼痛,但治疗往往不足。多种原因可引发疼痛,这些原因可能是肿瘤本身、其继发后果,也可能与治疗相关。对癌症相关疼痛进行差异化评估和个性化治疗,不仅可以提高生活质量,还能降低疼痛慢性化的风险。区分伤害性疼痛和由超敏反应引起的疼痛是适当药物治疗的必要条件。存在疼痛控制不足的风险,尤其是在缺乏对超敏反应的考虑和治疗时,例如使用抗惊厥药或止痛抗抑郁药时。阿片类药物是癌症相关疼痛药物治疗的重要组成部分,尤其用于治疗癌症爆发性疼痛。应考虑滥用风险。其他物质类别适用于特殊疼痛情况或治疗难治的病例。还应考虑非药物治疗选择,特别是通过提供低门槛的心理治疗或心理肿瘤学选择。侵入性操作可以是一种有用的补充。这些操作范围从患者自控皮下或静脉输液泵系统、鞘内给药到神经溶解和消融手术。由于这些操作具有侵入性,建议采用多学科方法来确定适应症。