Revealing antimicrobial resistance profile and associated factors of isolated from clinical, environmental, and seafood samples across asia: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

The escalating antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in highly virulent poses a significant public health concern in Asia. Profiling the antibiogram of this pathogen is crucial for revealing its complex AMR patterns and guiding the selection of appropriate medications. Although previous studies have provided valuable insights regarding AMR, they are constrained by limited sample diversity, inconsistent methodologies, and insufficient regional data. Moreover, no systematic attempt has been made to synthesize AMR data across various sources and regions in Asia. A systematic review and meta-analysis are thus conducted in this study to assess the current AMR status of isolated from clinical, environmental, and seafood samples. By synthesizing data from 32 articles across 13 Asian countries, a broader antibiogram has been provided, covering 13 major antimicrobial groups against . Subgroup and regression analyses were also performed using study-level and country-specific covariates to explore the associated risk factors. The findings revealed low AMR rates for tetracyclines (4.89 %), quinolones (1.85 %), nitrofurans (0.86 %), and phenicols (0.61 %), highlighting their potential as primary treatment options. Conversely, high AMR rates were detected for lincosamides (80.32 %), polypeptides (64.42 %), and glycopeptides (56.14 %), necessitating careful consideration for their clinical use. For study-level covariates, subgroup and meta-regression analyses revealed that variations in the type of antimicrobial (  = 26.5 %,  < 0.0001), country (  = 18.33 %,  < 0.0001), and pathogen source (  = 10.46 %,  = 0.0007) significantly contributed to between-study heterogeneity in the detected AMR rates across studies. Moreover, the analyses of country-specific covariates indicated that antimicrobial consumption (AMC) in healthcare systems (  = 29.3,  = 0.06) and the country's gross domestic product (GDP) (  = 28.59,  = 0.06) affected the variations in AMR rates across countries to some extent. Consideration of study-level and country-specific covariates is thus recommended for future research to effectively mitigate the threat of AMR across Asia and reduce its pervasive impact on public health.