A history of traumatic brain injury is associated with poorer cognition and imaging evidence of altered white matter tract integrity in UK Biobank ( = 50 376).

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a risk factor for neurodegenerative disease. We currently have no means to identify patients most at risk of neurodegenerative disease following injury and, resultantly, no means to target risk mitigation interventions. To address this, we explored the association between history of traumatic brain injury with cognitive performance and imaging measures of white matter integrity. From the UK Biobank imaging sub-study ( = 50 376), participants were identified with either self-reported ( = 177) or health record coded broad- (injury codes; = 1096) or narrow-band (TBI specific codes; = 274) TBI, or as controls with no such documented history ( = 49 280). Cognitive scores and imaging measures of corpus callosum white matter integrity were compared between injury participants (versus no injury), corrected for age, sex, socioeconomic status and medications. TBI was associated with poorer cognitive and imaging phenotypes. The strongest deleterious associations were for narrow-band injury ( difference 0.2-0.3; < 0.01). All cognitive and imaging phenotypes were strongly inter-correlated ( < 0.001). This study provides insight into possible early biomarkers predating neurodegenerative disease following brain injury. Measures of cognition and white matter following injury may provide means to identify individuals most at risk of neurodegenerative disease, to which mitigation strategies might be targeted.