The Effects of Heat Stress on the Ovary, Follicles and Oocytes: A Systematic Review.

Climate change is driving significant environmental changes with profound implications for human health, including fertility. While the detrimental effects of heat on spermatogenesis are well-documented, the impact of elevated temperatures on ovaries and female fertility remains less explored. This review systematically examines the literature on heat stress (HS) effects on mammalian ovaries, follicles, and oocytes. Evidence from mammalian models indicates that HS significantly impairs ovarian function, disrupting hormone profiles, reducing ovarian size and weight, altering histology, decreasing granulosa cell viability, and compromising oocyte quality. Efforts to develop strategies and substances to mitigate these adverse effects are ongoing, but further research into the underlying mechanisms is urgently needed.