Development of visually controlled maternal preferences in Peking ducklings.

The interaction between natural visual and auditory stimulation in the control of filial behavior was studied in domestic mallard (Peking) ducklings during the first 3 days of postnatal life. Visual imprinting at 24 hr resulted in a visual preference for the familiar model over an unfamiliar model in each of two choice tests, one at 48 hr and one at 72 hr, but only if both models were silent. If both models emitted a recording of the mallard maternal call, the visual preference was found only in the later (72-hr) test. Visuomotor experience between training and testing was found to be essential for the development of the visual preference at 72 hr, but the required experience was of a very general nature. Either a choice test with silent models or a period of social rearing (between 24 and 72 hr) provided effective experience. Thus, the ability to show a visual preference in the presence of the maternal call at 72 hr depends on experience, but not necessarily on further exposure to the imprinting object or to any specific aspects of the test situation. These results demonstrate the importance of normal visual, motor and/or social experience to the development of the visual control of filial behavior in ducklings.