Johnston T D, Gottlieb G
Dev Psychobiol. 1985 Jan;18(1):23-36. doi: 10.1002/dev.420180103.
The interaction between natural visual and auditory stimulation in the control of filial behavior was studied in domestic mallard (Peking) ducklings during the first 3 days of postnatal life. Visual imprinting at 24 hr resulted in a visual preference for the familiar model over an unfamiliar model in each of two choice tests, one at 48 hr and one at 72 hr, but only if both models were silent. If both models emitted a recording of the mallard maternal call, the visual preference was found only in the later (72-hr) test. Visuomotor experience between training and testing was found to be essential for the development of the visual preference at 72 hr, but the required experience was of a very general nature. Either a choice test with silent models or a period of social rearing (between 24 and 72 hr) provided effective experience. Thus, the ability to show a visual preference in the presence of the maternal call at 72 hr depends on experience, but not necessarily on further exposure to the imprinting object or to any specific aspects of the test situation. These results demonstrate the importance of normal visual, motor and/or social experience to the development of the visual control of filial behavior in ducklings.
在雏鸭出生后的头3天里，研究了自然视觉和听觉刺激在控制亲子行为中的相互作用。在24小时进行的视觉印记实验中，在48小时和72小时分别进行的两次选择测试中，雏鸭对熟悉模型的视觉偏好超过不熟悉模型，但前提是两个模型都保持沉默。如果两个模型都播放绿头鸭母鸭叫声的录音，视觉偏好只在较晚的（72小时）测试中出现。研究发现，训练和测试之间的视觉运动体验对于72小时时视觉偏好的发展至关重要，但所需的体验具有非常普遍的性质。使用沉默模型进行的选择测试或一段社交饲养期（24至72小时之间）都能提供有效的体验。因此，在72小时时，在母鸭叫声存在的情况下表现出视觉偏好的能力取决于体验，但不一定取决于进一步接触印记对象或测试情境的任何特定方面。这些结果证明了正常的视觉、运动和/或社交体验对雏鸭亲子行为视觉控制发展的重要性。
