Gustafsson Ida, Karlsson Katarina, Jarling Aleksandra, Palmér Lina
Faculty of Caring Science, Work Life and Social Welfare, University of Borås, Borås, 501 90, Sweden.
PreHospen Centre for Prehospital Research, University of Borås, Borås, 501 90, Sweden.
Int Breastfeed J. 2024 Dec 16;19(1):80. doi: 10.1186/s13006-024-00690-5.
One in three women will experience Intimate Partner Violence (IPV). Exposure during breastfeeding endangers women's and children's health and wellbeing, negatively affects breastfeeding, and violates human rights and global sustainability goals. Previous qualitative studies have demonstrated that existential aspects are crucial in the separate experience of both IPV and breastfeeding. However, there is a lack of studies examining the meaning of the concurrent experience of these phenomena. An enhanced understanding of the experience of IPV manifestations during the breastfeeding period may inform the provision of care and support for women exposed to IPV. Accordingly, the study aims to explain and understand women's lived experience of IPV manifestations during the breastfeeding period.
The study adopts a lifeworld hermeneutic approach based on Reflective Lifeworld Research. Data collection was conducted between June 2022 and August 2023. Swedish women with experience of the phenomenon IPV manifestations during the breastfeeding period participated either through written lifeworld stories (forty-nine women) or lifeworld interviews (nine women). Data were analysed interpretatively. The main interpretation was inspired by Liz Kelly's theory 'The continuum of violence'.
The results show that women experience IPV manifestations during breastfeeding in terms of being accused, devalued, neglected, controlled, opposed, forced to adapt, and/or punished. The main interpretation suggests that the manifestations are intertwined within a multidimensional continuum where the most frequent IPV manifestations are less commonly recognised as violence. The main interpretation further illustrates that the continuum is dependent on both the subjective lifeworld of the woman and the patriarchal context in which it exists. In relation to the patriarchal context, the breastfeeding intimacy within the mother-child dyad is pivotal to explaining and understanding the phenomenon.
The breastfeeding intimacy within the mother-child dyad seems to change the intersubjective power balance in the partner relationship and provoke partners, making breastfeeding women especially vulnerable to IPV. Knowledge of breastfeeding women's lived experience of exposure to IPV is central for carers to strengthen their ability to support women's health and wellbeing.
三分之一的女性会遭受亲密伴侣暴力（IPV）。母乳喂养期间遭受这种暴力会危及妇女和儿童的健康与福祉，对母乳喂养产生负面影响，并且侵犯人权和全球可持续发展目标。以往的定性研究表明，生存层面在IPV和母乳喂养这两种不同经历中至关重要。然而，缺乏对这些现象同时发生时的意义进行研究。深入了解母乳喂养期间IPV表现的经历，可能会为为遭受IPV的妇女提供护理和支持提供参考。因此，本研究旨在解释和理解妇女在母乳喂养期间IPV表现的生活经历。
本研究采用基于反思性生活世界研究的生活世界诠释学方法。数据收集于2022年6月至2023年8月期间进行。有母乳喂养期间IPV表现经历的瑞典女性通过书面生活世界故事（49名女性）或生活世界访谈（9名女性）参与研究。对数据进行解释性分析。主要解释灵感来源于利兹·凯利的“暴力连续体”理论。
结果表明，女性在母乳喂养期间经历的IPV表现包括被指责、被贬低、被忽视、被控制、被反对、被迫适应和/或受到惩罚。主要解释表明，这些表现在一个多维连续体中相互交织，其中最常见的IPV表现较少被视为暴力。主要解释进一步说明，这个连续体既取决于女性的主观生活世界，也取决于其所处的父权制背景。关于父权制背景，母婴二元组内的母乳喂养亲密关系对于解释和理解这一现象至关重要。
母婴二元组内的母乳喂养亲密关系似乎改变了伴侣关系中的主体间权力平衡，并激怒伴侣，使母乳喂养的女性特别容易遭受IPV。了解母乳喂养女性遭受IPV的生活经历，对于护理人员增强支持女性健康和福祉的能力至关重要。
