Galappaththi Sapthala P Loku, Smith Kelly R, Alsatari Enas S, Hunter Rachel, Dyess Donna L, Turbat-Herrera Elba A, Dasgupta Santanu
Department of Pathology, Frederick P. Whiddon College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36604, USA.
Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688, USA.
Int J Mol Sci. 2024 Dec 7;25(23):13165. doi: 10.3390/ijms252313165.
Breast cancer is a significant health challenge worldwide and is the most frequently diagnosed cancer among women globally. This review provides a comprehensive overview of breast cancer biology, genomics, and microbial dysbiosis, focusing on its various subtypes and racial differences. Breast cancer is primarily classified into carcinomas and sarcomas, with carcinomas constituting most cases. Epidemiology and breast cancer risk factors are important for public health intervention. Staging and grading, based on the TNM and Nottingham grading systems, respectively, are crucial to determining the clinical outcome and treatment decisions. Histopathological subtypes include in situ and invasive carcinomas, such as invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) and invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC). The review explores molecular subtypes, including Luminal A, Luminal B, Basal-like (Triple Negative), and HER2-enriched, and delves into breast cancer's histological and molecular progression patterns. Recent research findings related to nuclear and mitochondrial genetic alterations, epigenetic reprogramming, and the role of microbiome dysbiosis in breast cancer and racial differences are also reported. The review also provides an update on breast cancer's current diagnostics and treatment modalities.
乳腺癌是全球一项重大的健康挑战，也是全球女性中最常被诊断出的癌症。本综述全面概述了乳腺癌生物学、基因组学和微生物群落失调，重点关注其各种亚型和种族差异。乳腺癌主要分为癌和肉瘤，其中癌占大多数病例。流行病学和乳腺癌风险因素对公共卫生干预很重要。分别基于TNM和诺丁汉分级系统的分期和分级对于确定临床结果和治疗决策至关重要。组织病理学亚型包括原位癌和浸润性癌，如浸润性导管癌（IDC）和浸润性小叶癌（ILC）。本综述探讨了分子亚型，包括腔面A型、腔面B型、基底样型（三阴性）和HER2富集型，并深入研究了乳腺癌的组织学和分子进展模式。还报告了与核和线粒体基因改变、表观遗传重编程以及微生物群落失调在乳腺癌和种族差异中的作用相关的最新研究结果。本综述还提供了乳腺癌当前诊断和治疗方式的最新信息。
