Aparicio-Téllez Raúl, Garcia-Bosque Miguel, Díez-Señorans Guillermo, Aznar Francisco, Celma Santiago
Group of Electronic Design (GDE), Aragón Institute of Engeneering Research (I3A), University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain.
Electronic Design Group, Aragón Institute of Engineering Research, Centro Universitario de la Defensa (CUD), 50090 Zaragoza, Spain.
Sensors (Basel). 2024 Dec 4;24(23):7747. doi: 10.3390/s24237747.
One of the challenges that wireless sensor networks (WSNs) need to address is achieving security and privacy while keeping low power consumption at sensor nodes. Physically unclonable functions (PUFs) offer a challenge-response functionality that leverages the inherent variations in the manufacturing process of a device, making them an optimal solution for sensor node authentication in WSNs. Thus, identifiability is the fundamental property of any PUF. Consequently, it is necessary to design structures that optimize the PUF in terms of identifiability. This work studies different architectures of oscillators to analyze which ones exhibit the best properties to construct a RO-based PUF. For this purpose, Generalized Galois Ring Oscillators (GenGAROs) are used. A GenGARO is a novel type of oscillator formed by a combination of up to two input logical operations connected in cascade, where one input is the output of the previous operation and the other is the feedback signal. GenGAROs include some previously proposed oscillators as well as many new oscillator designs. Thus, the architecture of GenGAROs is analyzed to implement a GenGARO-PUF on an Artix-FPGA. With this purpose, an exhaustive study of logical operation combinations that optimize PUF performance in terms of identifiability has been conducted. From this, it has been observed that certain logic gates in specific positions within the oscillator contribute to constructing a PUF with good properties, and by applying certain constraints, any oscillator generated with these constraints can be used to construct a PUF with an equal error rate on the order of or below 10-11 using 100-bit responses. As a result, a design methodology for FPGA-based RO-PUFs has been developed, enabling the generation of multiple PUF primitives with high identifiability that other designers could exploit to implement RO-based PUFs with good properties.
无线传感器网络（WSN）需要解决的挑战之一是在保持传感器节点低功耗的同时实现安全和隐私。物理不可克隆函数（PUF）提供了一种挑战-响应功能，利用了设备制造过程中的固有变化，使其成为WSN中传感器节点认证的最佳解决方案。因此，可识别性是任何PUF的基本属性。因此，有必要设计在可识别性方面优化PUF的结构。这项工作研究了不同的振荡器架构，以分析哪些架构具有构建基于环形振荡器（RO）的PUF的最佳属性。为此，使用了广义伽罗瓦环振荡器（GenGARO）。GenGARO是一种新型振荡器，由最多两个级联连接的输入逻辑操作组合而成，其中一个输入是前一个操作的输出，另一个是反馈信号。GenGARO包括一些先前提出的振荡器以及许多新的振荡器设计。因此，对GenGARO的架构进行了分析，以便在Artix-FPGA上实现GenGARO-PUF。为此，对在可识别性方面优化PUF性能的逻辑操作组合进行了详尽研究。由此观察到，振荡器内特定位置的某些逻辑门有助于构建具有良好属性的PUF，并且通过应用某些约束，使用这些约束生成的任何振荡器都可用于构建具有100位响应且误码率等于或低于10-11的PUF。结果，开发了一种基于FPGA的RO-PUF设计方法，能够生成具有高可识别性的多个PUF原语，其他设计人员可以利用这些原语来实现具有良好属性的基于RO的PUF。
