Assessment of Lead Exposure and Associated Risk Through Human Biomonitoring Among Urban Communities in Chennai, Southern India.

BACKGROUND

Lead exposure is a widely acknowledged risk to public health for children and adults. However, despite efforts to phase out major sources over the last several decades, estimates of the prevalence of blood lead exposures and associated risks remain poorly characterized in many low- and middle-income countries.

OBJECTIVES

This study aimed to determine blood lead levels (BLLs) and assess potential sources of lead exposure among urban communities in Chennai, Tamil Nadu.

METHODOLOGY

We obtained blood samples from a cross-sectional sample of 300 healthy individuals aged between 18 and 60. BLLs were measured using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) following microwave digestion. A questionnaire was administered to gather information on potential sources of lead exposure. Multivariate regression models were then developed to identify major determinants of BLLs.

RESULTS

The mean BLL was 5.3 µg/dL with BLLs in 49% of the participants exceeding 5 µg/dL. Multiple linear regression analysis identified six predictor variables (low socio-economic status, age, male gender, proximity to industrial areas, using leaded paint and metallic cookware) that explained nearly 76% of the variance in the BLLs (F-value 82.39; p-value: < 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

The results highlight the need for continued targeted interventions to reduce lead exposure, particularly among vulnerable populations in Chennai. Establishing greater capacities for regular biomonitoring and education on lead exposure prevention are recommended.