Immunometabolism in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: Hope and challenge.

Immunotherapy has improved the survival rate of patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), but less than 20 % of them have a durable response to these treatments. Excessive local recurrence and lymph node metastasis ultimately lead to death, making the 5-year survival rate of HNSCC still not optimistic. Cell metabolism has become a key determinant of the viability and function of cancer cells and immune cells. In order to maintain the enormous anabolic demand, tumor cells choose a specialized metabolism different from non-transformed somatic cells, leading to changes in the tumor microenvironment (TME). In recent years, our understanding of immune cell metabolism and cancer cell metabolism has gradually increased, and we have begun to explore the interaction between cancer cell metabolism and immune cell metabolism in a way which is meaningful for treatment. Understanding the different metabolic requirements of different cells that constitute the immune response to HNSCC is beneficial for revealing metabolic heterogeneity and plasticity, thereby enhancing the effect of immunotherapy. In this review, we have concluded that the relevant metabolic processes that affect the function of immune cells in HNSCC TME and proposed our own opinions and prospects on how to use metabolic intervention to enhance anti-tumor immune responses.