Zhuo Qianli, Zhang Zhaojun, Fang Xiangdong
China National Center for Bioinformation Beijing China.
Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China.
EJHaem. 2024 Nov 13;5(6):1301-1311. doi: 10.1002/jha2.1051. eCollection 2024 Dec.
Red blood cell (RBC) enucleation is a crucial step in the process of erythropoiesis. By removing the nucleus, RBCs gain greater flexibility, enabling them to traverse narrow capillaries with ease, thereby enhancing the efficiency of oxygen and carbon dioxide transport. This transformation underscores the intricate balance between cellular structure and function essential for maintaining homeostasis.
This review delves into the multifaceted enucleation process, outlining its complex steps that encompass protein sorting, vesicle trafficking, cytoskeletal remodeling, and apoptosis regulation, while also exploring the potential of enhancing the enucleation rate of RBCs in vitro. We emphasize the intricate regulation of this process, which is orchestrated by multiple factors. This includes transcription factors that meticulously guide protein synthesis and sorting through the modulation of gene expression, as well as non-coding RNAs that play a pivotal role in post-transcriptional regulation during various stages of RBC enucleation. Additionally, macrophages participate in the enucleation process by engulfing and clearing the extruded nuclei, further ensuring the proper development of RBCs. Although many studies have deeply explored the molecular mechanisms of enucleation, the roles of apoptosis and anti-apoptotic processes in RBC enucleation remain incompletely understood.
In this review, we aim to comprehensively summarize the RBC enucleation process and explore the progress made in ex vivo RBC generation. In the future, a deeper understanding of the enucleation process could provide significant benefits to patients suffering from anemia and other related conditions.
红细胞去核是红细胞生成过程中的关键步骤。通过去除细胞核，红细胞获得了更大的灵活性，使其能够轻松穿过狭窄的毛细血管，从而提高氧气和二氧化碳的运输效率。这种转变凸显了维持体内平衡所必需的细胞结构与功能之间的复杂平衡。
本综述深入探讨了多方面的去核过程，概述了其复杂步骤，包括蛋白质分选、囊泡运输、细胞骨架重塑和凋亡调控，同时还探索了在体外提高红细胞去核率的潜力。我们强调这一过程受到多种因素精心调控。这包括通过调节基因表达来精确指导蛋白质合成和分选的转录因子，以及在红细胞去核各个阶段的转录后调控中发挥关键作用的非编码RNA。此外，巨噬细胞通过吞噬和清除挤出的细胞核参与去核过程，进一步确保红细胞的正常发育。尽管许多研究已深入探讨去核的分子机制，但凋亡和抗凋亡过程在红细胞去核中的作用仍未完全了解。
在本综述中，我们旨在全面总结红细胞去核过程，并探索体外红细胞生成方面取得的进展。未来，对去核过程的更深入理解可能会给贫血及其他相关病症的患者带来显著益处。
