Pandi-Perumal Seithikurippu R, Paul Sayan, Saravanan Konda Mani, Namasivayam Ganesh Pandian, Chidambaram Saravana Babu
Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru, Karnataka, 570015, India.
Division of Research and Development, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, 144411, India.
Curr Mol Med. 2025;25(4):399-415. doi: 10.2174/0115665240305615240630113434.
Rhythmicity is a characteristic feature of the inanimate universe. The organization of biological rhythms in time is an adaptation to the cyclical environmental changes brought on by the earth's rotation on its axis and around the sun. Circadian (L. Circa = "around or approximately"; diem = "a day") rhythms are biological responses to the geophysical light/dark (LD) cycle in which an organism adjusts to alterations in its internal physiology or external environment as a function of the time of day. Sleep has been considered a biological rhythm. Normal human sleep, an essential physiologic process, comprises two distinct phases: non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. A mature adult human's sleep/wake cycle displays a circadian rhythm with a ~24-hour cycle. According to the two-process model of sleep regulation, the human sleep/wake cycle is orchestrated by circadian and homeostatic processes. Sleep homeostasis (a sleep-dependent process) and circadian rhythm (a sleep-independent process) are two biological processes controlling the sleep/wake cycle. There are also ultradian (< 24-hour) rhythms, including the NREM-REM sleep cycle, which has been extensively studied. The clock and sleep genes both influence sleep. In this overview, we have reviewed the circadian genes and their role in regulating sleep. Besides, the gene expression and biological pathways associated with sleep and circadian rhythm-associated diseases also have been highlighted.
节律性是无生命宇宙的一个特征。生物节律在时间上的组织是对地球绕轴自转和绕太阳公转所带来的周期性环境变化的一种适应。昼夜节律（拉丁语：Circa = “大约”；diem = “一天”）是生物体对地球物理光/暗（LD）循环的生物反应，在这个循环中，生物体根据一天中的时间来调整其内部生理或外部环境的变化。睡眠一直被认为是一种生物节律。正常的人类睡眠是一个基本的生理过程，包括两个不同的阶段：非快速眼动（NREM）睡眠和快速眼动（REM）睡眠。一个成熟成年人的睡眠/觉醒周期表现出约24小时周期的昼夜节律。根据睡眠调节的双过程模型，人类的睡眠/觉醒周期是由昼夜节律和体内平衡过程共同协调的。睡眠稳态（一个依赖睡眠的过程）和昼夜节律（一个不依赖睡眠的过程）是控制睡眠/觉醒周期的两个生物过程。还有超日节律（<24小时），包括NREM-REM睡眠周期，这已经得到了广泛的研究。生物钟和睡眠基因都影响睡眠。在本综述中，我们回顾了昼夜节律基因及其在调节睡眠中的作用。此外，还强调了与睡眠和昼夜节律相关疾病相关的基因表达和生物途径。
