Zhao Li-Zhu, Cao Hui-Ling, He Zhi-Qiang, Sun Yuan, Fang Lin-Lin, Li Wen-Lan
College of Pharmacy, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin 150076, China.
College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China.
J Chromatogr A. 2025 Jan 25;1741:465604. doi: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.465604. Epub 2024 Dec 17.
Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is a treasure of China and a crucial part of traditional medicine in the world, particularly in many oriental countries. TCM is the core and basis of traditional medicine in clinical practice for numerous diseases, and performs important function in nutraceuticals and dietary supplements. However, it is extremely difficult to extract each active ingredient from TCM to elucidate the mechanism of TCM clinical efficacy due to numerous compounds in TCM, especially trace compounds. Consequently, liquid-phase microextraction (LPME) techniques, one of the main extraction methods of active ingredients in TCM, have attracted a considerable attention from researchers. In recent years, many novel green solvents based-LPME methods have been reported, such as single-drop microextraction (SDME), hollow-fiber liquid-phase microextraction (HF-LPME), dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME), and electro-membrane extraction (EME). Therefore, in this review, we present an up-to-date and comprehensive summary of various LPME techniques, novel green solvents, and their applications in the analysis of active ingredients within the complex TCM samples. We provide a detailed overview of the fundamental principles, modes, and the critical process parameters of the LPME techniques. In addition, we compare different types of green solvents (i.e., deep eutectic solvents, ionic liquids, magnetic ionic liquids, supramolecular solvents, switchable solvents, among others), and the advantages and disadvantages of these solvents are critically evaluated, highlighting their suitability for various applications. Finally, we elucidate the merits and demerits of different LPME methods, discuss their practical applications, and explore their future research directions. This review aims to provide a valuable resource for researchers and practitioners in the field of TCM, promoting research development and application of the advanced and environmentally friendly sample pretreatment techniques.
中医是中国的瑰宝，也是世界传统医学的重要组成部分，在许多东方国家尤为如此。中医是众多疾病临床实践中传统医学的核心和基础，在营养保健品和膳食补充剂中发挥着重要作用。然而，由于中药中化合物众多，尤其是痕量化合物，从中药中提取每种活性成分以阐明其临床疗效机制极为困难。因此，液相微萃取（LPME）技术作为中药活性成分的主要提取方法之一，已引起研究人员的广泛关注。近年来，已报道了许多基于新型绿色溶剂的LPME方法，如单滴微萃取（SDME）、中空纤维液相微萃取（HF-LPME）、分散液液微萃取（DLLME）和电膜萃取（EME）。因此，在本综述中，我们对各种LPME技术、新型绿色溶剂及其在复杂中药样品活性成分分析中的应用进行了最新的全面总结。我们详细概述了LPME技术的基本原理、模式和关键工艺参数。此外，我们比较了不同类型的绿色溶剂（即低共熔溶剂、离子液体、磁性离子液体、超分子溶剂、可切换溶剂等），并对这些溶剂的优缺点进行了严格评估，突出了它们在各种应用中的适用性。最后我们阐明了不同LPME方法的优缺点，讨论了它们的实际应用，并探索了它们未来的研究方向。本综述旨在为中医领域的研究人员和从业者提供有价值的资源，促进先进且环保的样品预处理技术的研究发展和应用。
