Genomic features of lichen-associated black fungi.

Lichens are mutualistic associations consisting of a primary fungal host, and one to few primary phototrophic symbiont(s), usually a green alga and/or a cyanobacterium. They form complex thallus structures, which provide unique and stable habitats for many other microorganisms. Frequently isolated from lichens are the so-called black fungi, or black yeasts, which are mainly characterized by melanized cell walls and extremophilic lifestyles. It is presently unclear in which ways these fungi interact with other members of the lichen symbiosis. Genomic resources of lichen-associated black fungi are needed to better understand the physiological potential of these fungi and shed light on the complexity of the lichen consortium. Here, we present high-quality genomes of 14 black fungal lineages, isolated from lichens of the rock-dwelling genus Umbilicaria. Nine of the lineages belong to the Eurotiomycetes (Chaetothyriales), four to the Dothideomycetes, and one to the Arthoniomycetes, representing the first genome of a black fungus in this class. The PacBio-based assemblies are highly contiguous (5-42 contigs per genome, mean coverage of 79-502, N50 of 1.0-7.3 mega-base-pair (Mb), Benchmarking Universal Single-Copy Orthologs (BUSCO) completeness generally ≥95.4%). Most contigs are flanked by a telomere sequence, suggesting we achieved near chromosome-level assemblies. Genome sizes range between 26 and 44 Mb. Transcriptome-based annotations yielded ~11,000-18,000 genes per genome. We analyzed genome content with respect to repetitive elements, biosynthetic genes, and effector genes. Each genome contained a polyketide synthase gene related to the dihydroxynaphthalene-melanin pathway. This research provides insights into genome content and metabolic potential of these relatively unknown, but frequently encountered lichen associates.