Glisker Richard A N, Papouchis Nicholas, Meehan Kevin B, Morrison Matthew J, Kimhy David
NY MIRECC, The James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA.
Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.
Psychopathology. 2025;58(2):106-118. doi: 10.1159/000542499. Epub 2024 Dec 24.
Impairments in theory of mind (ToM) are highly prevalent among individuals with schizophrenia, resulting in substantial functional deficits. However, research on impairments in individuals with schizotypy has yielded inconsistent findings, with some studies finding ToM deficits in overall schizotypy, other studies finding ToM deficits in only specific schizotypy dimensions, and yet other studies finding no ToM deficits at all. One potential key factor that may account for this discrepancy is the use of schizotypy measures that do not adequately measure specific schizotypy dimensions. Additional limitations are employment of ToM measures that rely heavily on explicit cultural knowledge, verbal/reading comprehension, and/or other cognitive abilities.
To address these discrepant findings, we used the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire-Brief Revised (Updated; SPQ-BRU) and the Multidimensional Schizotypy Scale (MSS) to tap overall schizotypy and specific schizotypy dimensions. To measure ToM, we used the Frith-Happé animations (FHA) and Strange Stories Film Task (SSFT). We examined the hypothesized negative relationship between schizotypy and ToM in a sample of 233 nonclinical individuals.
Regression analysis indicated no significant relationship between overall schizotypy and ToM on both the FHA (b = 0.01, t(196) = -0.75, p = 0.46) and SSFT (b = -0.20, t(195) = -1.69, p = 0.09). However, it did find that the negative schizotypy dimension was associated with poorer ToM performance on both the FHA (b = -0.11, t(194) = -2.7, p = 0.008) and SSFT (b = -0.12, t(193) = -3.22, p = 0.001). Also, exploratory analyses employing an extreme-group design approach indicated high schizotypy and high negative schizotypy groups displayed weaker ToM performance within all specific schizotypy dimensions.
These results indicate that ToM impairments are present in schizotypy, especially within the negative schizotypy dimension. The results suggest important methodological implication for studying ToM in schizotypy and conceptualizing the latent structure of schizotypy.
Impairments in theory of mind (ToM) are highly prevalent among individuals with schizophrenia, resulting in substantial functional deficits. However, research on impairments in individuals with schizotypy has yielded inconsistent findings, with some studies finding ToM deficits in overall schizotypy, other studies finding ToM deficits in only specific schizotypy dimensions, and yet other studies finding no ToM deficits at all. One potential key factor that may account for this discrepancy is the use of schizotypy measures that do not adequately measure specific schizotypy dimensions. Additional limitations are employment of ToM measures that rely heavily on explicit cultural knowledge, verbal/reading comprehension, and/or other cognitive abilities.
To address these discrepant findings, we used the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire-Brief Revised (Updated; SPQ-BRU) and the Multidimensional Schizotypy Scale (MSS) to tap overall schizotypy and specific schizotypy dimensions. To measure ToM, we used the Frith-Happé animations (FHA) and Strange Stories Film Task (SSFT). We examined the hypothesized negative relationship between schizotypy and ToM in a sample of 233 nonclinical individuals.
Regression analysis indicated no significant relationship between overall schizotypy and ToM on both the FHA (b = 0.01, t(196) = -0.75, p = 0.46) and SSFT (b = -0.20, t(195) = -1.69, p = 0.09). However, it did find that the negative schizotypy dimension was associated with poorer ToM performance on both the FHA (b = -0.11, t(194) = -2.7, p = 0.008) and SSFT (b = -0.12, t(193) = -3.22, p = 0.001). Also, exploratory analyses employing an extreme-group design approach indicated high schizotypy and high negative schizotypy groups displayed weaker ToM performance within all specific schizotypy dimensions.
These results indicate that ToM impairments are present in schizotypy, especially within the negative schizotypy dimension. The results suggest important methodological implication for studying ToM in schizotypy and conceptualizing the latent structure of schizotypy.
心理理论（ToM）缺陷在精神分裂症患者中极为普遍，导致严重的功能障碍。然而，关于分裂型人格障碍个体的缺陷研究结果并不一致，一些研究发现整体分裂型人格障碍存在ToM缺陷，另一些研究仅在特定的分裂型人格维度中发现ToM缺陷，还有一些研究根本未发现ToM缺陷。一个可能解释这种差异的潜在关键因素是使用了不能充分测量特定分裂型人格维度的分裂型人格测量方法。其他局限性在于使用了严重依赖显性文化知识、语言/阅读理解和/或其他认知能力的ToM测量方法。
为了解决这些不一致的发现，我们使用了简明修订版分裂型人格问卷（更新版；SPQ - BRU）和多维分裂型人格量表（MSS）来评估整体分裂型人格和特定的分裂型人格维度。为了测量ToM，我们使用了弗里思 - 哈佩动画（FHA）和奇异故事电影任务（SSFT）。我们在233名非临床个体的样本中检验了分裂型人格与ToM之间假设的负相关关系。
回归分析表明，在FHA（b = 0.01，t(196) = -0.75，p = 0.46）和SSFT（b = -0.20，t(195) = -1.69，p = 0.09）上，整体分裂型人格与ToM之间均无显著关系。然而，研究确实发现消极分裂型人格维度与FHA（b = -0.11，t(194) = -2.7，p = 0.008）和SSFT（b = -0.12，t(193) = -3.22，p = 0.001）上较差的ToM表现相关。此外，采用极端组设计方法的探索性分析表明，高分裂型人格组和高消极分裂型人格组在所有特定分裂型人格维度中均表现出较弱的ToM表现。
这些结果表明，ToM缺陷存在于分裂型人格中，尤其是在消极分裂型人格维度中。这些结果为研究分裂型人格中的ToM以及概念化分裂型人格的潜在结构提供了重要的方法学启示。
心理理论（ToM）缺陷在精神分裂症患者中极为普遍，导致严重的功能障碍。然而，关于分裂型人格障碍个体的缺陷研究结果并不一致，一些研究发现整体分裂型人格障碍存在ToM缺陷，另一些研究仅在特定的分裂型人格维度中发现ToM缺陷，还有一些研究根本未发现ToM缺陷。一个可能解释这种差异的潜在关键因素是使用了不能充分测量特定分裂型人格维度의分裂型人格测量方法。其他局限性在于使用了严重依赖显性文化知识、语言/阅读理解和/或其他认知能力的ToM测量方法。
为了解决这些不一致的发现，我们使用了简明修订版分裂型人格问卷（更新版；SPQ - BRU）和多维分裂型人格量表（MSS）来评估整体分裂型人格和特定的分裂型人格维度。为了测量ToM，我们使用了弗里思 - 哈佩动画（FHA）和奇异故事电影任务（SSFT）。我们在233名非临床个体的样本中检验了分裂型人格与ToM之间假设的负相关关系。
回归分析表明，在FHA（b = 0.01，t(196) = -0.75，p = 0.46）和SSFT（b = -0.20，t(195) = -1.69，p = 0.09）上，整体分裂型人格与ToM之间均无显著关系。然而，研究确实发现消极分裂型人格维度与FHA（b = -0.11，t(194) = -2.7，p = 0.008）和SSFT（b = -0.12，t(193) = -3.22，p = 0.001）上较差的ToM表现相关。此外，采用极端组设计方法的探索性分析表明，高分裂型人格组和高消极分裂型人格组在所有特定分裂型人格维度中均表现出较弱的ToM表现。
这些结果表明，ToM缺陷存在于分裂型人格中，尤其是在消极分裂型人格维度中。这些结果为研究分裂型人格中的ToM以及概念化分裂型人格的潜在结构提供了重要的方法学启示。
需注意，原文中“分裂型人格测量方法”处多了“의”，这可能是原文的错误，我在翻译时按正确内容进行了翻译。
