Talsnes Rune Kjøsen, Tønnessen Espen, Bucher Sandbakk Silvana, Haugen Thomas, Sandbakk Øyvind
Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Center for Elite Sports Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
Faculty of Health Sciences, Kristiania University College, Oslo, Norway.
Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2024 Dec 23;20(2):238-245. doi: 10.1123/ijspp.2024-0161. Print 2025 Feb 1.
To describe warning signs, monitoring tools, and training- and non-training-related actions taken by world-class endurance coaches in cases of underperformance.
Twelve highly acclaimed male Norwegian coaches known for coaching world-class endurance athletes with a remarkable collection of over 350 Olympic, World, and European Championship medals-primarily with Norwegian athletes-participated in the study. Data collection and analyses followed a 3-step pragmatic qualitative study design, including an initial questionnaire, in-depth interviews, and structured negotiation between researchers and coaches.
Reduced performance levels and discrepancies between external (speed or power output) and internal (heart rate, lactate concentrations, and rating of perceived exertion) training-intensity measures in competitions, key training sessions, and testing scenarios, as well as observed changes in emotional state and coach-athlete communication, were highlighted as early warning signs of underperformance. Consistently, daily follow-up, systematic use of training diaries, training-intensity measures, and information from testing scenarios were rated as the most important monitoring tools in both detection and management of underperformance. In cases of underperformance, ruling out medical conditions as underlying causes was followed by a decreased training load (intensity and volume) and actions to reduce life stress to restore athletes' performance levels.
The presented data collectively propose applying both objectively and subjectively measured monitoring tools and systems to the early detection and management of underperformance in endurance athletes. In addition, this should be complemented by the holistic and observational role of the coach.
描述世界级耐力教练在运动员表现不佳时所采取的警示信号、监测工具以及与训练和非训练相关的措施。
12位备受赞誉的挪威男性教练参与了这项研究，他们以指导世界级耐力运动员而闻名，这些运动员共获得了超过350枚奥运会、世界和欧洲锦标赛奖牌，其中主要是挪威运动员。数据收集和分析遵循一个3步实用定性研究设计，包括一份初始问卷、深度访谈以及研究人员与教练之间的结构化协商。
比赛、关键训练课以及测试场景中表现水平下降，外部（速度或功率输出）与内部（心率、乳酸浓度以及自觉用力程度评级）训练强度指标之间存在差异，以及观察到的情绪状态和教练-运动员沟通方面的变化，都被强调为表现不佳的早期警示信号。一致地，日常随访、系统使用训练日记、训练强度指标以及来自测试场景的信息在检测和管理表现不佳方面被评为最重要的监测工具。在表现不佳的情况下，首先排除作为潜在原因的医疗状况，随后降低训练负荷（强度和量），并采取行动减轻生活压力以恢复运动员的表现水平。
所呈现的数据共同建议将客观和主观测量的监测工具及系统应用于耐力运动员表现不佳的早期检测和管理。此外，这应由教练的整体观察作用加以补充。
