Development of self-gelling powder combining chitosan/ bentonite nanoclay/ sodium polyacrylate for rapid hemostasis: In vitro and in vivo study.

Although hemostatic powders are commonly used in clinical and emergency settings, they frequently show poor absorption, raise cytotoxicity issues, and are not effective for fatal non-compressible bleeding. The purpose of this research is to create a self-gelling hemostatic powder based on chitosan, bentonite, and sodium polyacrylate (CBS) to improve the hemostatic effect. When liquid comes into contact with CBS powders, they can fuse and form a stable hydrogel in less than 30s. Here, the concentration of the superabsorbent polymer is the primary determinant of the self-gel's creation. CBS groups exhibited excellent in vitro biocompatibility and hemocompatibility. In terms of bleeding and hemostatic time, the in vivo hemostatic results demonstrate the superiority of CBS-3 powder (∼57 s in rat liver avulsion model) and (∼64 s in rat tail amputation model) over a commercial product group called ARISTA. Additionally, the fabricated CBS powders can quickly absorb large amounts of blood, which can also aggregate platelets and blood cells. After four weeks of rat liver implantation, CBS-3 significantly accelerated the angiogenesis and wound healing processes. Thus, the hemostatic CBS self-gelling powder could be an effective solution for treating blood loss and liver wounds.