Kapeleka Jones A
Tanzania Plant Health and Pesticides Authority (TPHPA), P.O. Box 3024, Arusha, Tanzania.
Heliyon. 2024 Dec 7;10(24):e41070. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e41070. eCollection 2024 Dec 30.
The use of pesticides for diseases and insect pest control has become a key component in smallholder vegetable production. This study therefore quantified the concentration of pesticide active ingredient per unit production land (kg a.i/ha), and drivers of increased pesticide use in smallholder vegetable production systems in Tanzania. Through field surveys and observations, data were collected from 385 farmers from Iringa, Arusha, and Kilimanjaro regions. A binary probit model was used to derive factors fostering increased pesticide use. High dose rates with increased frequency of application were evident. The concentrations of active ingredients (kg a.i/ha) were far above the world averages for fungicides (17.18 kg a.i/ha in tomato and 13.05 kg a.i/ha in onion), insecticides (5.86 kg a.i/ha in tomato and 6.37 kg a.i/ha in onions) and herbicides (3.78 kg a.i/ha in onions). Furthermore, 47.9 % of all pesticides were wrongly used. Most farmers (88.6 %) lacked knowledge of pest control and 88.9 % of farmers were unaware of pesticide safety practices. There was an increasing trend in pesticide use (58.4 %). WHO Class II hazard-classified pesticides (68.9 %) dominated smallholder vegetable production. Extremely hazardous (Class Ia) and highly hazardous (Class Ib) pesticides were also used. The binary probit model showed that the number of crops grown, pesticide mixing, and region contributed positively to the likelihood of increased pesticide use. In contrast, farmers' perception of the effectiveness of pesticides, lack of access to safe use information, poor use of safety gear, and inability to read pesticide labels had a negative impact. Excessive pesticide use jeopardizes the sustainability of smallholder vegetable production. Pesticide control and monitoring at the farm level, restricted use of highly hazardous pesticides, application of greener pesticides, and the use of specialized pesticide spray men in smallholder vegetable production would lessen and protect farmers and the environment from pesticide exposure.
使用农药防治病虫害已成为小农户蔬菜生产的关键组成部分。因此，本研究对坦桑尼亚小农户蔬菜生产系统中单位生产土地的农药活性成分浓度（千克活性成分/公顷）以及农药使用增加的驱动因素进行了量化。通过实地调查和观察，从伊林加、阿鲁沙和乞力马扎罗地区的385名农民那里收集了数据。使用二元概率模型来推导促进农药使用增加的因素。高剂量率且施用频率增加的情况很明显。活性成分浓度（千克活性成分/公顷）远高于世界平均水平，杀菌剂方面（番茄中为17.18千克活性成分/公顷，洋葱中为13.05千克活性成分/公顷），杀虫剂方面（番茄中为5.86千克活性成分/公顷，洋葱中为6.37千克活性成分/公顷），除草剂方面（洋葱中为3.78千克活性成分/公顷）。此外，所有农药中有47.9%被错误使用。大多数农民（88.6%）缺乏病虫害防治知识，88.9%的农民不了解农药安全操作规范。农药使用呈上升趋势（58.4%）。世界卫生组织II类危险等级的农药（68.9%）在小农户蔬菜生产中占主导地位。还使用了极危险（Ia类）和高度危险（Ib类）农药。二元概率模型表明，种植的作物数量、农药混合以及地区对农药使用增加的可能性有积极贡献。相比之下，农民对农药有效性的认知、缺乏安全使用信息、安全防护用具使用不当以及无法阅读农药标签则产生负面影响。过度使用农药危及小农户蔬菜生产的可持续性。在小农户蔬菜生产中，进行农场层面的农药控制和监测、限制使用高危险农药、施用更环保的农药以及使用专业农药喷洒人员，将减少并保护农民和环境免受农药暴露。
