Jiménez-Reyes Pedro, van den Tillaar Roland, Castaño-Zambudio Adrián, Gleadhill Sam, Nagahara Ryu
Sport Sciences Research Centre, Rey Juan Carlos University, Madrid, Spain.
Department of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, Nord University, Levanger, Norway.
Front Sports Act Living. 2024 Dec 10;6:1510379. doi: 10.3389/fspor.2024.1510379. eCollection 2024.
This study analyzed the impact of various overload conditions on sprint performance compared to free sprinting, aiming to identify the loading scenarios that most closely replicate the mechanics of unresisted sprints across the full acceleration spectrum. While velocity-based training methods have gained popularity, their applicability is limited to the plateau phase of sprinting.
To address this limitation, we employed cluster analysis to identify scenarios that best replicate the mechanical characteristics of free sprinting across various overload conditions. Sixteen experienced male sprinters performed sprints under six conditions: unresisted, overspeed (OS) and four overloaded conditions inducing a velocity loss (VL) of 10%, 25%, 50% and 65% using a resistance training device with intelligent drag technology. Ground reaction forces and spatiotemporal parameters were recorded for all steps using a 52-meter force plate system for all sprint conditions.
Cluster analysis revealed four distinct groups aligning with established sprint phases: initial contact, early-acceleration, mid-acceleration, and late-acceleration. Results showed that heavier loads prolonged the mechanical conditions typical of early-acceleration and mid-acceleration phases, potentially enhancing training stimuli for these crucial sprint components of sprint performance. Specifically, VL50 and VL65 loads extended the early-acceleration phase mechanics to steps 7-8, compared to steps 2-4 for lighter loads. Conversely, lighter loads more effectively replicated late-acceleration mechanics, but only after covering substantial distances, typically from the 11- to 29-meter mark onwards.
These findings suggest that tailoring overload conditions to specific sprint phases can optimize sprint-specific training and provide coaches with precise strategies for load prescription. These insights offer a more nuanced approach to resistance-based sprint training by accounting for every step across all acceleration phases, rather than focusing solely on the plateau phase, which accounts for only 20-30% of the steps collected during initial contact to peak velocity depending on the analyzed overload condition.
本研究分析了与自由冲刺相比，各种超负荷条件对短跑成绩的影响，旨在确定在整个加速范围内最能复制无阻力冲刺力学原理的负荷场景。虽然基于速度的训练方法越来越受欢迎，但其适用性仅限于短跑的平台期。
为解决这一局限性，我们采用聚类分析来确定在各种超负荷条件下最能复制自由冲刺力学特征的场景。16名经验丰富的男性短跑运动员在六种条件下进行冲刺：无阻力、超速（OS）以及使用具有智能阻力技术的阻力训练设备诱导速度损失（VL）分别为10%、25%、50%和65%的四种超负荷条件。使用52米测力板系统记录所有冲刺条件下所有步幅的地面反作用力和时空参数。
聚类分析揭示了与既定短跑阶段相对应的四个不同组：初始接触、早期加速、中期加速和后期加速。结果表明，较重的负荷延长了早期加速和中期加速阶段典型的力学条件，可能增强对短跑成绩这些关键短跑组成部分的训练刺激。具体而言，VL50和VL65负荷将早期加速阶段力学原理延长至第7 - 8步，而较轻负荷则为第2 - 4步。相反，较轻负荷更有效地复制后期加速力学原理，但仅在覆盖相当距离后，通常从11米至29米标记处开始。
这些发现表明，根据特定短跑阶段调整超负荷条件可以优化特定短跑训练，并为教练提供精确的负荷规定策略。这些见解通过考虑所有加速阶段的每一步，而不是仅关注占初始接触到峰值速度期间收集步数20 - 30%的平台期，为基于阻力的短跑训练提供了一种更细致入微的方法，这取决于所分析的超负荷条件。
