Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Room G08, Cavendish Hall, Headingley Campus, Leeds, LS6 3QS, UK.
Yorkshire Carnegie Rugby Union Club, Leeds, UK.
Sports Med. 2021 Jun;51(6):1179-1207. doi: 10.1007/s40279-020-01372-y.
Short-sprint (≤ 20 m) performance is an important quality for success in the football codes. Therefore, developing an evidence base for understanding training methods to enhance short-sprint performance is key for practitioners. However, current systematic reviews are limited by (1) a lack of focus on football code athletes, (2) a lack of consideration of all training modalities and (3) a failure to account for the normal training practices undertaken by intervention groups within their analysis. Therefore, this review aimed to (1) conduct a systematic review of the scientific literature evaluating training interventions upon short-sprint performance within football code athletes, (2) undertake a meta-analysis to assess the magnitude of change of sport-sprint performance following training interventions and (3) identify how moderator variables affect the training response.
A systematic search of electronic databases was conducted. A random-effects meta-analysis was performed to establish standardised mean difference with 95% confidence intervals. This identified the magnitude and direction of the individual training effects of intervention subgroups (primary, secondary, combined-specific, tertiary and combined training methods) on short-sprint performance while considering moderator variables (i.e., football code, sex, age, playing standard, phase of season).
121 studies met the inclusion criteria, totalling 3419 athletes. Significant improvements (small-large) were found between pre- and post-training in short-sprint performance for the combined, secondary, tertiary and combined-specific training methods. No significant effect was found for primary or sport only training. No individual mode was found to be the most effective. Between-subgroup analysis identified that football code, age, playing standard and phase of season all moderated the overall magnitude of training effects.
This review provides the largest systematic review and meta-analysis of short-sprint performance development methods and the only one to assess football code athletes exclusively. Practitioners can apply combined, secondary and tertiary training methods to improve short-sprint performance within football code athletes. The application of sport only and primary methods does not appear to improve short-sprint performance. Regardless of the population characteristics, short-sprint performance can be enhanced by increasing either or both the magnitude and the orientation of force an athlete can generate in the sprinting action.
OSF registration https://osf.io/kshqn/ .
短距离冲刺（≤20 米）表现是足球运动成功的重要素质。因此，为了实践者的利益，建立理解训练方法以提高短距离冲刺表现的证据基础是关键。然而，目前的系统综述受到以下因素的限制：（1）缺乏对足球运动员的关注，（2）缺乏对所有训练方式的考虑，以及（3）未能在分析中考虑干预组所进行的正常训练实践。因此，本综述旨在：（1）对评估足球运动员短距离冲刺表现的训练干预的科学文献进行系统回顾，（2）进行荟萃分析以评估训练干预后运动冲刺表现的变化幅度，以及（3）确定调节变量如何影响训练反应。
对电子数据库进行了系统检索。采用随机效应荟萃分析建立标准化均数差和 95%置信区间。这确定了干预亚组（主要、次要、综合专项、三级和综合训练方法）对短距离冲刺表现的个体训练效果的幅度和方向，同时考虑了调节变量（即足球运动类型、性别、年龄、比赛水平、赛季阶段）。
符合纳入标准的研究有 121 项，共涉及 3419 名运动员。在短距离冲刺表现方面，与训练前相比，综合、次要、三级和综合专项训练方法均有显著提高（小-大）。主要或专项运动训练无显著效果。未发现任何单一模式最有效。亚组间分析表明，足球运动类型、年龄、比赛水平和赛季阶段均调节了训练效果的总体幅度。
本综述提供了最大的关于短距离冲刺表现发展方法的系统综述和荟萃分析，也是唯一专门评估足球运动员的综述。从业者可以应用综合、次要和三级训练方法来提高足球运动员的短距离冲刺表现。应用专项运动和主要方法似乎不能提高短距离冲刺表现。无论人群特征如何，通过增加运动员在冲刺动作中产生的力的大小和方向，都可以提高短距离冲刺表现。
OSF 注册 https://osf.io/kshqn/ 。
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