Porrill Sophia L, Rogers Rebecca R, Ballmann Christopher G
Department of Human Studies, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
SHP Research Collaborative, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
Neurol Int. 2024 Dec 12;16(6):1837-1848. doi: 10.3390/neurolint16060131.
The purpose of this review is to compile and discuss available evidence in humans on the efficacy of YHM supplementation on performance in different exercise modalities. Yohimbine (YHM) is a naturally occurring alkaloid that induces increases in sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activation effectively initiating "fight or flight" responses. In supplement form, YHM is commonly sold as an isolated product or combined into multi-ingredient exercise supplements and is widely consumed in fitness settings despite the lack of empirical support until recently. YHM primarily acts as an α2-adrenergic receptor antagonist effectively increasing norepinephrine release from sympathetic neurons. YHM has been implicated in improving or altering cardiovascular function, blood flow, lactate metabolism, and muscle function. Emerging evidence has suggested that YHM may have the potential to improve performance in a wide range of exercise modes including endurance, sprint, and resistance exercise. Performance enhancement with YHM is mediated by mechanistic underpinnings of physiological and psychological alterations to exercise responses including increased sympathetic activation, adaptive hemodynamic changes, increased alertness, and decreased fatigue. However, YHM use is not without risk as it has high interindividual variability in bioavailability, can be deceptively potent, lacks widely accepted dosing recommendations, and, when taken in large doses, has been empirically documented to result in serious side effects. Despite this, the evidence presented in this review suggests low doses of YHM are tolerable and may serve as an ideal exercise training aid due to acute enhancement of physical performance. However, safety concerns remain outstanding and temperance should be used when using YHM and similar sympathomimetics.
本综述的目的是汇编和讨论关于补充育亨宾（YHM）对不同运动方式表现的功效的现有人体证据。育亨宾（YHM）是一种天然存在的生物碱，可有效诱导交感神经系统（SNS）激活增加，从而引发“战斗或逃跑”反应。以补充剂形式，YHM通常作为单一产品出售或组合成多成分运动补充剂，尽管直到最近缺乏实证支持，但在健身环境中被广泛使用。YHM主要作为α2-肾上腺素能受体拮抗剂，有效增加交感神经元去甲肾上腺素的释放。YHM与改善或改变心血管功能、血流、乳酸代谢和肌肉功能有关。新出现的证据表明，YHM可能有潜力改善包括耐力、短跑和阻力运动在内的广泛运动模式的表现。YHM对运动表现的增强是由对运动反应的生理和心理改变的机制基础介导的，包括交感神经激活增加、适应性血流动力学变化、警觉性提高和疲劳减轻。然而，使用YHM并非没有风险，因为它的生物利用度存在高度个体差异，可能具有欺骗性的强效性，缺乏广泛接受的给药建议，并且大量服用时，经验证会导致严重的副作用。尽管如此，本综述中提出的证据表明，低剂量的YHM是可耐受的，并且由于对身体表现的急性增强作用，可能作为理想的运动训练辅助剂。然而，安全问题仍然突出，使用YHM和类似的拟交感神经药时应谨慎。
