Oku Kyosuke, Kai Yoshihiro, Koda Hitoshi, Gonno Megumi, Tanaka Maki, Matsui Tomoyuki, Watanabe Yuya, Morihara Toru, Kida Noriyuki
Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Hashikami-cho, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan.
Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Kyoto Tachibana University, 34 Yama-da-cho, Oyake, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto 607-8175, Japan.
Sports (Basel). 2024 Nov 27;12(12):321. doi: 10.3390/sports12120321.
Sprint performance plays a crucial role in various sports. Short sprints vary depending on the size of the court/playing field and on competitive characteristics, but are common in many sports. Although the relationship between age and muscle strength has been explored in short sprints, there is limited understanding of how various physical factors interact, particularly concerning differences in the acceleration phase. This study examined the relationship between sprint times at 0-2.5 m, 2.5-5 m, and 5-10 m intervals and various factors (body composition, flexibility, muscle strength, physical fitness) in junior athletes (13 boys; 13 girls; average age 11.37 ± 1.30 years; 7 in badminton, 8 in fencing, 5 in rowing, and 6 in climbing). The sprint time was measured using four timing lights at 0 m (start point), 2.5 m, 5 m, and 10 m (finish point). The results indicated that sprint times increased with age, and is correlated with muscle strength and flexibility. A partial correlation analysis showed that faster times in the 0-2.5 m interval were associated with higher hip flexibility (right: = -0.42, = 0.035; left: = -0.60, = 0.001); in the 2.5-5 m interval, faster times were associated with higher core flexibility (right: = -0.34, = 0.091; left: = -0.40, = 0.046); and in the 5-10 m interval, a relationship with standing long jump performance was confirmed ( = -0.56, = 0.003). Furthermore, a lower fat-free body weight translated to higher performance (0-2.5 m: = 0.40, = 0.047; 2.5 m: = 0.37, = 0.071; 5-10 m: = 0.55, = 0.004). In the acceleration phase of 10 m, flexibility immediately after the start and the subsequent horizontal propulsive force are important factors that are strongly related to performance change in each interval. These results emphasize that even over a short distance such as 10 m, the factors influencing performance can change significantly. This highlights the importance of overall flexibility, propulsive power and body fat regulation in junior short sprinters, as well as the need for daily training carefully tailored to the specific sprint distances required in each sport.
短跑表现在各类体育运动中起着至关重要的作用。短距离冲刺因场地/赛场大小以及竞技特点而异，但在许多运动中都很常见。尽管在短距离冲刺中已经探讨了年龄与肌肉力量之间的关系，但对于各种身体因素如何相互作用，尤其是在加速阶段的差异，人们的了解还很有限。本研究调查了青少年运动员（13名男孩；13名女孩；平均年龄11.37±1.30岁；7人从事羽毛球运动，8人从事击剑运动，5人从事赛艇运动，6人从事攀岩运动）在0至2.5米、2.5至5米以及5至10米区间的短跑时间与各种因素（身体成分、柔韧性、肌肉力量、身体素质）之间的关系。短跑时间通过位于0米（起点）、2.5米、5米和10米（终点）的四个计时灯来测量。结果表明，短跑时间随年龄增长而增加，并且与肌肉力量和柔韧性相关。偏相关分析显示，在0至2.5米区间，更快的速度与更高的髋部柔韧性相关（右侧：= -0.42，= 0.035；左侧：= -0.60，= 0.001）；在2.5至5米区间，更快的速度与更高的核心柔韧性相关（右侧：= -0.34，= 0.091；左侧：= -0.40，= 0.046）；在5至10米区间，证实与立定跳远成绩存在关联（= -0.56，= 0.003）。此外，较低的去脂体重转化为更高的成绩（0至2.5米：= 0.40，= 0.047；2.5米：= 0.37，= 0.071；5至10米：= 0.55，= 0.004）。在10米的加速阶段，起跑后立即的柔韧性以及随后的水平推进力是与每个区间成绩变化密切相关的重要因素。这些结果强调，即使在10米这样的短距离内，影响成绩的因素也可能发生显著变化。这突出了青少年短跑运动员整体柔韧性、推进力和身体脂肪调节的重要性，以及针对每项运动所需特定短跑距离精心制定日常训练计划的必要性。
