Ma Kaili, Wang Lin, Li Wenhui, Tang Tingting, Ma Bo, Zhang Liyuan, Zhang Lianjun
National Key Laboratory of Immunity and Inflammation, Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China; Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology Regulatory Element, Institute of Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China.
Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China.
Trends Cancer. 2025 Feb;11(2):117-134. doi: 10.1016/j.trecan.2024.11.011. Epub 2024 Dec 26.
The tumor microenvironment (TME) is a complex, highly structured, and dynamic ecosystem that plays a pivotal role in the progression of both primary and metastatic tumors. Precise assessment of the dynamic spatiotemporal features of the TME is crucial for understanding cancer evolution and designing effective therapeutic strategies. Cancer is increasingly recognized as a systemic disease, influenced not only by the TME, but also by a multitude of systemic factors, including whole-body metabolism, gut microbiome, endocrine signaling, and circadian rhythm. In this review, we summarize the intrinsic, extrinsic, and systemic factors contributing to the formation of 'cold' tumors within the framework of the cancer-immunity cycle. Correspondingly, we discuss potential strategies for converting 'cold' tumors into 'hot' ones to enhance therapeutic efficacy.
肿瘤微环境（TME）是一个复杂、高度结构化且动态的生态系统，在原发性肿瘤和转移性肿瘤的进展中起关键作用。精确评估TME的动态时空特征对于理解癌症演变和设计有效的治疗策略至关重要。癌症越来越被认为是一种全身性疾病，不仅受TME影响，还受多种全身因素影响，包括全身代谢、肠道微生物群、内分泌信号和昼夜节律。在本综述中，我们在癌症免疫循环的框架内总结了促成“冷”肿瘤形成的内在、外在和全身因素。相应地，我们讨论了将“冷”肿瘤转化为“热”肿瘤以提高治疗效果的潜在策略。
