Miller Elizabeth M
Department of Anthropology, University of South Florida, 4202 E. Fowler Ave. SOC107, Tampa, FL, 33620, USA.
Sci Rep. 2024 Dec 28;14(1):30941. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-81806-z.
Milk anti-inflammatory compounds are ubiquitous in milk but vary greatly within and between populations. The causes of this variation and how this variation impacts infant phenotype is not well-characterized. The goal of this study was to explain how maternal characteristics across two disparate populations impact the levels of TGF-β2 and IL-1ra in human milk. Two populations of mothers, one from rural Kenya and the other from urban U.S., were queried about months since birth, age, sex of infant, height, BMI, triceps skinfold, parity, post-birth resumption of menstrual period, and exclusive breastfeeding. Mothers' foremilk was assayed for TGF-β2 and IL-1ra as well as % milk fat. Mixed models were used to measure the relationships between maternal characteristics and milk biomarkers, adjusting for population. Statistically significant maternal characteristics were then used to develop path models incorporating infant phenotype. Path results indicated that maternal height and months postpartum significantly predicted milk TGF-β2, which then significantly predicted infant height-for-age. Exclusive breastfeeding and milk fat percent predicted IL-1ra, which was not related to infant weight-for-age. These results have implications for understanding the intergenerational effect of maternal context on infant phenotype via biomarkers in human milk.
牛奶中的抗炎化合物在牛奶中普遍存在，但在不同人群内部和之间差异很大。这种差异的原因以及这种差异如何影响婴儿表型尚未得到充分表征。本研究的目的是解释两个不同人群的母亲特征如何影响人乳中TGF-β2和IL-1ra的水平。询问了两组母亲，一组来自肯尼亚农村，另一组来自美国城市，询问了婴儿出生后的月龄、年龄、性别、身高、体重指数、三头肌皮褶厚度、产次、产后月经恢复情况以及纯母乳喂养情况。检测了母亲的初乳中的TGF-β2、IL-1ra以及乳脂肪百分比。使用混合模型来测量母亲特征与母乳生物标志物之间的关系，并对人群进行了调整。然后使用具有统计学意义的母亲特征来建立包含婴儿表型的路径模型。路径结果表明，母亲身高和产后月龄显著预测了母乳中的TGF-β2，而TGF-β2又显著预测了婴儿的年龄别身高。纯母乳喂养和乳脂肪百分比预测了IL-1ra，而IL-1ra与婴儿的年龄别体重无关。这些结果对于理解母亲环境通过人乳中的生物标志物对婴儿表型的代际影响具有重要意义。
