Metabolic and molecular basis of flavonoid biosynthesis in Lycii fructus: An integration of metabolomic and transcriptomic analysis.

Flavonoids serve as bioactive components and contribute to medicinal and nutritional profile of Lycii fructus. However, there is limited information regarding the influence of ecological environments on the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway. In this study, we integrated transcriptome sequencing and metabonomic techniques across three distinct cultivation regions to elucidate the processes of flavonoids biosynthesis and the associated gene expression levels in L. fructus. LC-MS/MS based metabolomics revealed significant variations in metabolite profiles including 43 differential flavonoid metabolites, predominantly consisting of flavanol compounds across diverse regions. Additionally, 154 significantly differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were categorized in the flavonoid biosynthesis identified by de novo transcriptome assembly. Transcription factors C2C2 MYB, NAC, WRKY, AP2/ERF and B3 superfamily were the mainly hub genes regulating the flavonoids biosynthesis. The flavonoid pathway was built through integrated analysis of DEGs and DAMs to illustrate the molecular mechanism of flavonoid biosynthesis. Precipitation and temperature may serve as the primary environmental factors that affected the flavonoids variations. This study proposed a schematic of flavonoid biosynthesis in L. fructus, and further provided evidence for environmental response of L. fructus.