van Ewijk Catharina E, Suárez Hernández Sara, Jacobi Ronald H J, Knol Mirjam J, Hahné Susan J M, Wijmenga-Monsuur Alienke J, Boer Mardi C, van de Garde Martijn D B
Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands.
European Programme for Intervention Epidemiology Training (EPIET), European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), Stockholm, Sweden.
Vaccine X. 2024 Dec 4;22:100593. doi: 10.1016/j.jvacx.2024.100593. eCollection 2025 Jan.
The innate immune response is important for the development of the specific adaptive immunity, however it may also be associated with reactogenicity after vaccination. We explore the association between innate responsiveness, reactogenicity, and antibody response after first COVID-19 vaccination.
We included 146 healthy Dutch individuals aged 12-59 who received their first BNT162b2 (Comirnaty, Pfizer) COVID-19 vaccination. Data on reactogenicity were collected for each individual through daily questionnaires from day 0-5 after vaccination. From 60 participants, serum (adults) and plasma (adolescents) samples were collected before and/or 2 ± 1 days after vaccination to measure cytokines/chemokines as markers for innate responsiveness. Each individual was categorised into innate low, intermediate and high responder based on above or below the median value for each analyte detected after vaccination. For 137 participants, serum was collected at day 28 after vaccination for Spike S1- and RBD-antibody concentration. The associations between reactogenicity and/or innate responsiveness and/or log-transformed antibody concentration were explored using logistic and linear regressions.
Most participants (85 %) reported both local and systemic symptoms after vaccination. Two participants reported no symptoms. More than half (54 %) reported one or more moderate symptoms. Significantly higher levels of pro-inflammatory mediators CXCL9, CXCL10, CXCL11, IFNγ and CCL20 in adults, and CXCL9, CXCL10 and CXCL11 in adolescents, were found after vaccination. Participants who showed high innate immune responsiveness had higher odds (OR 6.0; 95 % CI 1.4-33) of experiencing one or more moderate symptoms. No association was found between innate responsiveness or having one or more moderate symptoms with Spike S1- or RBD-antibody concentration at day 28 after vaccination.
Our results suggest an association between the strength of the innate immune response and the severity of reactogenicity to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. However, more research is needed to understand the relation between reactogenicity and immunogenicity of COVID-19 vaccines.
先天免疫反应对于特异性适应性免疫的发展很重要，然而它也可能与接种疫苗后的反应原性有关。我们探讨首次接种新冠疫苗后先天反应性、反应原性和抗体反应之间的关联。
我们纳入了146名年龄在12至59岁之间的健康荷兰人，他们接种了第一剂BNT162b2（科兴疫苗，辉瑞公司）新冠疫苗。通过接种后第0至5天的每日问卷收集每个个体的反应原性数据。从60名参与者中，在接种前和/或接种后2±1天收集血清（成年人）和血浆（青少年）样本，以测量细胞因子/趋化因子作为先天反应性的标志物。根据接种后检测到的每种分析物的中位数以上或以下，将每个个体分为先天低反应者、中度反应者和高反应者。对于137名参与者，在接种后第28天收集血清，检测刺突S1和RBD抗体浓度。使用逻辑回归和线性回归探讨反应原性和/或先天反应性和/或对数转换后的抗体浓度之间的关联。
大多数参与者（85%）在接种疫苗后报告了局部和全身症状。两名参与者报告没有症状。超过一半（54%）的人报告了一种或多种中度症状。接种疫苗后，在成年人中发现促炎介质CXCL9、CXCL10、CXCL11、IFNγ和CCL20的水平显著升高，在青少年中发现CXCL9、CXCL10和CXCL11的水平显著升高。先天免疫反应高的参与者出现一种或多种中度症状的几率更高（优势比6.0；95%置信区间1.4-33）。在接种后第28天，先天反应性或出现一种或多种中度症状与刺突S1或RBD抗体浓度之间未发现关联。
我们的结果表明先天免疫反应的强度与新冠病毒疫苗接种的反应原性严重程度之间存在关联。然而，需要更多的研究来了解新冠疫苗反应原性和免疫原性之间的关系。
