Kefale Habtamu, Zhou Rong, Luo Zishu, Koffi Dossou Senouwa Segla, Berhe Muez, Wang Lei, Abbas Ahmed A, Zhang Yanxin, Zhou Ting, You Jun, Wang Linhai
Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430062, China.
Department of Plant Science, College of Agriculture & Natural Resources, Debre Markos University, P.O.Box 269, Ethiopia.
Curr Res Food Sci. 2024 Dec 5;10:100939. doi: 10.1016/j.crfs.2024.100939. eCollection 2025.
Black oilseed crops are rich in diverse phenolic compounds and have excellent antioxidant activities, as reported in traditional Chinese medicine. Testa (seed coat) and peeled seeds (cotyledon, embryo, and other structures) are the seed's crucial components, contributing to the variation in phytonutrient, phenol content, bioactive component, and protective and pharmacological effects. However, comprehensive and comparative information on total phenol, flavonoid, antioxidant, and metabolic profiles in black seed testa and peeled sesame, soybean, peanut, and rapeseed seeds is rare. Here, we investigated the metabolic profiles, phenolic contents, and antioxidant activities of four black oilseed crop testas and peeled seeds. This study revealed that testa has higher total phenol, flavonoid, and antioxidant activities than peeled seeds. A total of 1847 metabolites were identified across all samples and categorized into 17 major classes: flavonoids (20.02%), phenolic acids (15.15%), lipids (11.47%), amino acids and derivatives (9.36%), alkaloids (7.47%), organic acids (5.79%), terpenoids (5.68%), lignans (5.57%), saccharides (4.27%), and nucleotides and derivatives (4.17%) among the top ten. Primary class metabolites such as amino acids, saccharides, and vitamins were higher in the peeled seeds than in the testa, signifying the role of energy reservoirs and nutritive potential. However, flavonoids, phenolic acids, coumarins, chromones, lignans, terpenoids, tannins, organic acids, and lipids were abundant in the testa. Interestingly, the diversity and content of secondary metabolites were more abundant in the testa than in the peeled seeds of each crop, explaining their potential for phenol content, bioactivity, antioxidant activity, and pharmacological potential. The bioactivity of peeled seeds and testas may be associated with the phytochemical composition and content of flavonoids, phenolic acids, terpenoids, alkaloids, lipids, terpenoids, lignans, amino acids, and saccharides. Therefore, according to our results, peeled seeds offer higher nutritional value, and the testa has medicinal and protective properties. This study provides insights into the variations in phytochemical composition, phenolic content, and antioxidant activity of testa and peeled black sesame, soybean, peanut, and rapeseed seeds for further application of oilseeds in food products and to maximize nutritional benefits.
如传统中医所述，黑色油料作物富含多种酚类化合物，具有出色的抗氧化活性。种皮（种壳）和去皮种子（子叶、胚及其他结构）是种子的关键组成部分，它们导致了植物营养素、酚含量、生物活性成分以及保护和药理作用的差异。然而，关于黑色种子种皮以及去皮芝麻、大豆、花生和油菜籽种子中总酚、黄酮类化合物、抗氧化剂和代谢谱的全面且具对比性的信息却很罕见。在此，我们研究了四种黑色油料作物种皮和去皮种子的代谢谱、酚含量及抗氧化活性。本研究表明，种皮的总酚、黄酮类化合物和抗氧化活性均高于去皮种子。在所有样本中总共鉴定出1847种代谢物，并将其分为17大类：黄酮类化合物（20.02%）、酚酸（15.15%）、脂质（11.47%）、氨基酸及其衍生物（9.36%）、生物碱（7.47%）、有机酸（5.79%）、萜类化合物（5.68%）、木脂素（5.57%）、糖类（4.27%）以及核苷酸及其衍生物（4.17%）位列前十。诸如氨基酸、糖类和维生素等初级代谢物类在去皮种子中的含量高于种皮，这表明了其作为能量储存库和营养潜力的作用。然而，黄酮类化合物、酚酸、香豆素、色酮、木脂素、萜类化合物、单宁、有机酸和脂质在种皮中含量丰富。有趣的是，每种作物的种皮中次生代谢物的多样性和含量均比去皮种子更为丰富，这解释了它们在酚含量、生物活性、抗氧化活性和药理潜力方面的可能性。去皮种子和种皮的生物活性可能与黄酮类化合物、酚酸、萜类化合物、生物碱、脂质、萜类化合物、木脂素、氨基酸和糖类的植物化学成分及含量有关。因此，根据我们的研究结果，去皮种子具有更高的营养价值，而种皮具有药用和保护特性。本研究深入了解了种皮以及去皮黑芝麻、大豆、花生和油菜籽种子在植物化学成分、酚含量和抗氧化活性方面的差异，以便油料作物在食品中的进一步应用并最大化营养益处。
