Mammary Cancer Models: An Overview from the Past to the Future.

Breast cancer research heavily relies on diverse model systems to comprehend disease progression, develop novel diagnostics, and evaluate new therapeutic strategies. This review offers a comprehensive overview of mammary cancer models, covering both ex vivo and in vivo approaches. We delve into established techniques, such as cell culture and explore cutting-edge advancements, like tumor-on-a-chip and bioprinting. The in vivo section encompasses spontaneous, induced, and transplanted models, genetically engineered models, chick chorioallantoic membrane assays, and the burgeoning field of in silico models. Additionally, this article briefly highlights the key discoveries made using these models, significantly enhancing our understanding of breast cancer. In essence, this article serves as a comprehensive compass, charting the trajectory of mammary cancer modeling from its early beginnings to the promising vistas of tomorrow.