Paranandi Krishna S, Amar-Lewis Eliz, Mirkin Chad A, Artzi Natalie
International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States.
Medical Scientist Training Program, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States.
ACS Nano. 2025 Jan 14;19(1):21-30. doi: 10.1021/acsnano.4c15052. Epub 2025 Jan 2.
In nanomedicine, the cellular export of nanomaterials has been less explored than uptake. Traditionally viewed in a negative light, recent findings highlight the potential of nanomedicine export to enhance therapeutic effects. This Perspective examines key pathways for export and how nanomaterial design affects removal rates. We present the idea of the "paracrine transfer effect" (PTE), where nanomaterials are first internalized by a "waypoint" cell and then exported to a "destination" cell, influencing both in potentially exploitable ways. Essential characteristics for nanomedicines to leverage the PTE are discussed, along with two case studies: STING-stimulating polymeric nanoparticles and TLR9-stimulating liposomal spherical nucleic acids. We propose future research directions to better understand and utilize the PTE in developing more effective nanomedicines.
在纳米医学中,纳米材料的细胞输出比摄取受到的研究较少。传统上对此持负面看法,但最近的研究结果凸显了纳米医学输出在增强治疗效果方面的潜力。本观点文章探讨了输出的关键途径以及纳米材料设计如何影响清除率。我们提出了“旁分泌转移效应”(PTE)的概念,即纳米材料首先被一个“中转”细胞内化,然后输出到一个“目标”细胞,以潜在的可利用方式影响这两个细胞。文中讨论了纳米药物利用PTE的基本特征,并给出了两个案例研究:刺激STING的聚合物纳米颗粒和刺激TLR9的脂质体球形核酸。我们提出了未来的研究方向,以便在开发更有效的纳米药物时更好地理解和利用PTE。
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