Rastmanesh Samad, Zeinaly Ilghar, Alivirdiloo Vahid, Mobed Ahmad, Darvishi Mohammad
Department of Pharmaceutics and Nanotechnology, School of pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran.
Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
Clin Chim Acta. 2025 Feb 1;567:120121. doi: 10.1016/j.cca.2024.120121. Epub 2024 Dec 31.
The emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR), extensively drug-resistant (XDR), and pandrug-resistant (PDR) bacteria poses a significant threat to global public health, complicating the management of infectious diseases and increasing morbidity and mortality rates. Rapid and sensitive detection of these resistant pathogens is crucial for effective treatment and infection control. This manuscript provides a comprehensive overview of various biosensor technologies developed for the rapid identification and quantification of MDR and XDR bacteria. We discuss the principles of operation, sensitivity, specificity, and practical applications of different biosensing platforms, including electrochemical, optical, and piezoelectric sensors. Additionally, we explore recent advancements in nanomaterials and microfluidics that enhance biosensor performance and enable point-of-care testing. The manuscript also addresses the challenges faced in the implementation of these technologies in clinical settings, such as regulatory hurdles and the need for standardization. A systematic literature review was conducted to identify relevant studies. Databases utilized include PubMed and Scopus, covering the time frame from 2015 to 2024. The literature screening criteria focused on the inclusion of only clinically validated studies to ensure the reliability and applicability of the findings. By highlighting the potential of biosensors to revolutionize the detection of drug-resistant bacteria, this work aims to inform researchers, clinicians, and policymakers about the critical role of innovative diagnostic tools in combating antibiotic resistance and improving patient outcomes.
多重耐药（MDR）、广泛耐药（XDR）和全耐药（PDR）细菌的出现对全球公共卫生构成了重大威胁，使传染病的管理复杂化，并增加了发病率和死亡率。快速、灵敏地检测这些耐药病原体对于有效治疗和感染控制至关重要。本手稿全面概述了为快速鉴定和定量MDR和XDR细菌而开发的各种生物传感器技术。我们讨论了不同生物传感平台（包括电化学、光学和压电传感器）的工作原理、灵敏度、特异性和实际应用。此外，我们还探讨了纳米材料和微流控技术的最新进展，这些进展提高了生物传感器的性能并实现了即时检测。该手稿还讨论了在临床环境中实施这些技术所面临的挑战，如监管障碍和标准化需求。进行了系统的文献综述以识别相关研究。使用的数据库包括PubMed和Scopus，涵盖2015年至2024年的时间范围。文献筛选标准侧重于仅纳入经过临床验证的研究，以确保研究结果的可靠性和适用性。通过强调生物传感器在彻底改变耐药细菌检测方面的潜力，这项工作旨在让研究人员、临床医生和政策制定者了解创新诊断工具在对抗抗生素耐药性和改善患者预后方面的关键作用。
