Rashid Md Haroon, Kumar Sandhya Pavan, Rajan Resma, Mamillapalli Anitha
Department of Life Sciences, GITAM (Deemed to be University), GITAM School of Science, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, 530 045, India.
Department of Periodontics and Oral Implantology, GITAM Dental College and Hospital, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, 530 045, India.
BMC Oral Health. 2025 Jan 2;25(1):2. doi: 10.1186/s12903-024-05381-5.
The oral cavity is a complex environment which harbours the second largest and most diverse microflora after the gastrointestinal tract. The bacteriome in the oral cavity plays a pivotal role in promoting the health and well-being of human beings. Gingivitis, an inflammation of the gingival tissue, arises due to plaque accumulation on the teeth, often leads to periodontitis. Progression of periodontitis resulting in clinical attachment loss, bone loss and eventually the tooth loss is poorly understood. The present study explores the transitions in microbioata, oxidative stress and polyamine levels during the disease evolution which can contribute to developing effective therapeutic approaches.
Saliva samples were collected from seventy-two individuals after procuring informed consent who were either healthy, gingivitis or stage-specific periodontitis patients. Periodontitis stage was confirmed by clinical and radiographic analysis. Microbiota analysis was carried out by 16S rRNA sequencing on the Nanopore PromethIONsystem platform of Oxford Nanopore technologies. Polyamine levels were quantified with fluorescence spectrophotometer. Ornithine decarboxylase quantification was evaluated by ELISA method. Antioxidant levels of the salivary samples were measured by DPPH, SOD, and catalase assays. Autophagy was measured by acid phosphatase assay.
The salivary microbiota exhibited significant changes in their abundance and diversity between healthy individuals and those with conditions such as gingivitis, and chronic periodontitis. A significant increase in polyamines and ornithine decarboxylase was found in gingivitis and various stages of periodontitis. Elevated oxidative stress observed in gingivitis and periodontitis could have resulted in cell death.
The current study shows the role of salivary microbiota and polyamines in gingivitis and different periodontitis stages. The progressive elevation of Streptococcus levels from gingivitis to periodontitis, coupled with polyamine concentrations, may serve as a promising identification marker for assessing the severity of periodontal disease. Insight into the oral bacterial flora and associated physiological changes provide a foundation for targeted therapeutic interventions in gingivitis and periodontitis diseases emphasising the importance of personalised oral health management strategies.
口腔是一个复杂的环境，其微生物群落规模仅次于胃肠道，种类最为多样。口腔中的细菌群落对促进人类健康起着关键作用。牙龈炎是牙龈组织的炎症，由牙齿上的菌斑积聚引起，常导致牙周炎。牙周炎的进展会导致临床附着丧失、骨质流失并最终导致牙齿脱落，但其发病机制尚不清楚。本研究探讨了疾病发展过程中微生物群、氧化应激和多胺水平的变化，这有助于开发有效的治疗方法。
在获得知情同意后，从72名个体中采集唾液样本，这些个体分别为健康人、牙龈炎患者或特定阶段的牙周炎患者。通过临床和影像学分析确定牙周炎阶段。在牛津纳米孔技术公司的纳米孔PromethION系统平台上，采用16S rRNA测序进行微生物群分析。用荧光分光光度计定量多胺水平。通过ELISA法评估鸟氨酸脱羧酶的定量。通过DPPH、SOD和过氧化氢酶测定法测量唾液样本的抗氧化水平。通过酸性磷酸酶测定法测量自噬。
健康个体与患有牙龈炎和慢性牙周炎等疾病的个体之间，唾液微生物群的丰度和多样性存在显著变化。在牙龈炎和牙周炎的各个阶段，多胺和鸟氨酸脱羧酶显著增加。在牙龈炎和牙周炎中观察到的氧化应激升高可能导致细胞死亡。
本研究揭示了唾液微生物群和多胺在牙龈炎和不同牙周炎阶段中的作用。从牙龈炎到牙周炎，链球菌水平的逐渐升高以及多胺浓度的变化，可能作为评估牙周疾病严重程度的一个有前景的识别标志物。对口腔细菌菌群及其相关生理变化的深入了解，为牙龈炎和牙周炎疾病的靶向治疗干预提供了基础，强调了个性化口腔健康管理策略的重要性。
