Medina-Neira Daniel, Caira-Chuquineyra Brenda, Fernandez-Guzman Daniel
Facultad de Medicina Humana, Universidad Católica de Santa María, Arequipa, Perú.
Facultad de Medicina Humana, Universidad Nacional de San Agustín de Arequipa, Arequipa, Perú.
PLoS One. 2025 Jan 3;20(1):e0316859. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0316859. eCollection 2025.
To investigate gender disparities in applications and admissions to the medical residency programs in Peru, focusing on differences in application and admission proportions between male and female.
We conducted a cross-sectional study to assess the proportions of female applicants and admissions to medical residency programs in Peru from 2016 to 2023. Bayesian multilevel linear models were employed, incorporating random intercepts and slopes by specialty to account for variability across specialties. This approach provided initial proportions of female in 2016 (intercepts) and annual percentage changes (beta coefficients) for each specialty. A multilevel Poisson regression model with robust variance was used to determine if being female was associated with higher admission frequency.
Of the 48,013 applicants, 48% were considered female applicants. Most specialties exhibited an increasing trend in female applicants (+0.2% to +2% annually), except for Family Medicine, Hematology, Pediatric Neurology, and Pathological Anatomy (-0.6%, -0.6%, -0.7%, and -0.9% annually, respectively). The specialties with the highest proportions of female admissions were in Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (71.9%), Dermatology (71.2%), and Pathological Anatomy (71.2%). In contrast, the lowest proportions were observed in Neurosurgery (18.9%), Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery (17.7%), and Urology (15.6%). Declining trends in female admissions were noted in Family Medicine, Hematology, and Pathological Anatomy (-0.6%, -0.6%, and -0.8% annually, respectively). In addition, being female was associated with an 18% lower probability of admission to the medical residency program (prevalence ratio: 0.82; 95% CI: 0.78-0.85; p-value: <0.001).
This study identified persistent gender disparities in medical residency programs in Peru, with female applicants facing reduced probabilities of admission and exhibiting specialty-specific trends from 2016 to 2023.
调查秘鲁医学住院医师项目申请和录取中的性别差异，重点关注男性和女性在申请和录取比例上的差异。
我们进行了一项横断面研究，以评估2016年至2023年秘鲁医学住院医师项目女性申请者和录取者的比例。采用贝叶斯多级线性模型，按专业纳入随机截距和斜率，以考虑各专业间的变异性。该方法给出了2016年女性的初始比例（截距）以及各专业的年度百分比变化（β系数）。使用具有稳健方差的多级泊松回归模型来确定女性是否与更高的录取频率相关。
在48013名申请者中，48%被视为女性申请者。除家庭医学、血液学、儿科神经学和病理解剖学外，大多数专业的女性申请者呈上升趋势（每年+0.2%至+2%），这几个专业的女性申请者分别呈下降趋势（每年-0.6%、-0.6%、-0.7%和-0.9%）。女性录取比例最高的专业是物理医学与康复（71.9%）、皮肤科（71.2%）和病理解剖学（71.2%）。相比之下，神经外科（18.9%）、胸心血管外科（17.7%）和泌尿外科（15.6%）的女性录取比例最低。家庭医学、血液学和病理解剖学的女性录取呈下降趋势（分别为每年-0.6%、-0.6%和-0.8%）。此外，女性进入医学住院医师项目的概率要低18%（患病率比：0.82；95%置信区间：0.78 - 0.85；p值：<0.001）。
本研究发现秘鲁医学住院医师项目中存在持续的性别差异，女性申请者面临较低的录取概率，并且在2016年至2023年呈现出特定专业的趋势。
